Techno-Economic Pathways for Retrofitting Urban Residential Buildings with Solar Photovoltaics: Enabling Smart Grid Transition in Alexandria, Egypt

Abstract

The residential sector in Alexandria, Egypt, consumes a considerable portion of the total electricity use, but energy efficiency and renewable integration have not been much studied. This paper proposes a novel framework for retrofitting existing residential buildings with building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems connected to smart grids that allow passive consumers to become active players in decentralized energy networks. The study adopts an analytical design-research methodology that integrates field surveys, GIS mapping, digital simulations, and solar performance modeling within the Al-Shalalat district. Monocrystalline silicon PV modules were optimized for roof and façade integration by considering shading and spatial constraints. Results show that 55% of buildings can generate surplus electricity while 45% partially meet their demand indicating high potential for residential solar retrofitting. This paper will further describe the importance of smart grids as a prerequisite to achieve efficient energy distribution, load management, and household engagement. Recommendations include comprehensive building and consumption databases, financial incentives, façade-integrated PV research, public awareness campaigns, and ICT infrastructure.