Journal of Scientific Development, "for Studies and Research" (JSD)
About JSD : Journal of Scientific Development, "for Studies and Research" (JSD) International Refereed Scholarly Journal P-ISSN: 2709-1635 E-ISSN: 2958-7328 An international peer-reviewed academic journal, quarterly (March - June - September - December), a pioneer in the field of social and technological studies and research. It publishes research and studies in Arabic or English. The journal is keen to publish research. Which has originality, novelty and scientific methodology, and represents a qualitative addition in various specializations, under the supervision of an international scientific body with scientific competence and professional and research experience. The journal adheres to an ethical charter for its publishing rules, and an internal system that regulates the process of substantive arbitration, in addition to ensuring the quality of the technical and objective specifications of international peer-reviewed journals.
The Academy of Creativity Sama for Studies, Consultations and Scientific Development
Education in Morocco during the French Protectorate (1912–1956): Objectives and Content
The organization of education in Morocco was based on a set of principles established by Lyautey and developed and implemented by the directors of the education department, especially the first director, Louth, and his successor, Hardy. These principles were based on taking into account the human and social conditions in the country, and thus the school served the prevailing ideology in society. It is the foundation of the ruling class ideology, and the education system as a whole reflects and constantly reproduces the prevailing class situation, which means distancing – for Moroccans – Regarding modern education, with a vocational focus in cities and an agricultural focus in rural areas, to prepare a young generation capable of preserving the country's traditional industries due to their local political and economic value. And to supply European industrial and agricultural projects with the workforce they need, on the other hand, while paying special attention to a particular type of education for the upper classes in Moroccan society to supply the security and protection apparatus with the necessary personnel. And those carefully prepared to accept the idea of ​​cooperating with security agencies along the path laid out by these agencies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Scientific Development for Studies and Research (JSD) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessing Flood Risks and Social Impacts in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq: A Comprehensive Literature Review
This study presents a comprehensive review of existing research on flood risks and associated social impacts in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) within the context of climate change. The review synthesizes peer-reviewed studies focusing on flood hazard mapping, hydrological modeling, land use/land cover (LULC) change, vulnerability assessment, and precipitation variability in the region. Relevant literature was identified through academic databases and institutional publications using targeted keywords related to flood risk, climate change, GIS-based modeling, and Kurdistan Region of Iraq. A thematic and comparative analytical approach was applied to evaluate methodological frameworks, spatial modeling techniques, and key findings across the selected studies. The synthesis reveals that flood susceptibility in KRI is primarily influenced by topography, rainfall variability, rapid urbanization, and land use transformation. While most studies employ GIS, remote sensing, and multi-criteria decision-making models such as AHP and EBF to map hazard zones, limited attention has been given to integrated social vulnerability and public health impacts. The review identifies critical research gaps, particularly the absence of region-wide integrated flood risk models that combine climatic, hydrological, and socio-environmental dimensions. The findings emphasize the need for interdisciplinary assessment frameworks and improved flood management strategies to support evidence-based policy and climate adaptation planning in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.
Water Management and Policy Implications of River Discharge Patterns: A Case Study of the Khabur River in Zakho (2004–2023)
This study examined the water discharge in Zakho's Khabour River between 2004 and 2023 in Chalke area. Water from the river is used for industry, agriculture, and homes. The aim of this research is to evaluate long-term discharge changes and pinpoint the primary climatic and anthropogenic factors (precipitation variability and human water use) influencing river flow. The data of the area were obtained from the Water Resources Department in Zakho, a reliable local source. Daily, monthly, and annual discharge and precipitation values are included in the data. A moving average analysis shows that periods of high and low discharge alternate over the long term, supported by Mann–Kendall and Sen’s slope trend tests. It was demonstrated, through statistical trend and correlation analysis, that increased water extraction for irrigation and urban growth over the past 20 years has likely resulted in a decrease in river discharge. Variations in river discharge are closely correlated with precipitation patterns in the area (r = 0.78). These findings provide insights for sustainable water management and policy planning in the Zakho city and are consistent with patterns reported in nearby semi-arid and Mediterranean river basins.
The Philosophy of Argumentation and the Thesis of the Rhetoric of Discourse: Applied Models
It is well know That Plato is the founder of dialogue in discourse and adopted it in his many dialogues. Therefore, writing about argumentation is a difficult path to take, as it is fraught with a number of caveats, most notably that this field of knowledge has not yet settled on its basic pillars upon which sciences are usually built, transitioning from theory to application. In this research, we have endeavored to clarify the basic points needed by those entering this fertile field of knowledge. What are the means of scientific approach to this scientific field? Its beginnings began since humans uttered the first word in this existence. So, how can argumentation be rhetorical? I will answer these questions and others in this research using the descriptive and analytical approach.
The challenges of teaching Arabic to non-native speakers with the help of computers and the basics of flipped pedagogy
Language teaching has become an urgent necessity, as the means of communication and contact have changed and become easier, since the world has become like one house due to the short distances between people. Hence, it is necessary to learn languages ​​to facilitate communication between people, as it facilitates communications that continue for decades. It enables attendees to discover new research and partnership opportunities. It enriches knowledge by ensuring diversity of viewpoints, experiences and areas of expertise. The Arabic language is no exception to this, so this research came to show how Arabic is taught to non-native speakers in the flipped classroom to develop comprehension skills and oral and written expression through acquiring the rules of the Arabic language? The central question here is how Arabic is taught to non-native speakers with the help of computers? What are the basics of flipped pedagogy to develop the five language skills (arts du langage) (listening - speaking - reading - writing - tasting)? These questions and others will be answered by the research according to the descriptive analytical approach.
The Role of Sustainable Digital Leadership in Promoting Predictive Occupational Safety An Exploratory Study in the Oil Sector of Najaf Al-Ashraf Governorate
Amid the accelerating transformations of the Fifth Industrial Revolution and the global pursuit of carbon neutrality by 2050, the oil sector faces fundamental transformative challenges that necessitate the adoption of sustainable digital leadership models. This study aims to explore the role of sustainable digital leadership in enhancing predictive occupational safety, focusing on the local context of Najaf Al-Ashraf Governorate in Iraq, which represents a notable research gap. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical methodology. An electronic questionnaire was designed and distributed to a purposeful sample of (82) participants, including department heads, division managers, and central unit officials in the oil sector in Najaf. The study variables (sustainable digital leadership and predictive occupational safety) were measured using a five-point Likert scale after verifying the tool's validity and reliability. Data were analyzed using (SPSS v26) and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results revealed a statistically significant impact of sustainable digital leadership on enhancing predictive occupational safety. The study also identified the key technologies supporting this transformation, most notably artificial intelligence, big data analytics, the Internet of Things (IoT), and virtual and augmented reality technologies. Based on these findings, the study proposes the (IDSLM) model as an integrated applied framework combining knowledge management, predictive analytics, and sustainable digital governance. It also offers strategic recommendations for decision-makers to foster a safe work environment capable of addressing the future challenges of digital transformation in the Iraqi oil sector.
Symbolism through Ornamentation: From Social to Cultural in the Mu'allaqat Poetry
The research reads adornment as a symbol and links it to its social and cultural context, and these symbols are manifested through adornment tools and jewelry. This research was chosen as one of the results of our research Jewelry in the Poetry of the Mu'allaqat), yet our study here will cover different poetic models with broader topics and a different symbolic perspective. Adornment in the poetry of the Mu'allaqat is broader than jewelry, and its symbols require a different, in-depth reading. This title was chosen to trace those types of adornment as they represent the collective sentiment shared among individuals in that era. The study was organized into sections, where the first section traces the concept of symbolism in its social and cultural types, the second section is titled: Symbolism of Adornment Socially in the Mu'allaqat, and the third section is titled: Symbolism of Adornment Culturally in the Mu'allaqat. The research required clarifying the benefit and function of this symbolism, which was covered in the third section titled: The Importance of Social and Cultural Symbolism and Their Interconnection. Finally, the conclusion is followed by a list of sources and references.
The Impact of foreign direct investment on economic growth in Sudan during period (2002 - 2022)
This study examines the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic growth in Sudan during the period (2002 - 2022). It aims to identify the relationship between FDI and economic growth and to highlight the extent of FDI's influence on economic growth in Sudan during this period. The study hypothesizes a relationship between FDI and Sudan's GDP during the study period, and also a statistically significant positive correlation between FDI and economic growth in Sudan during this period. The study employs a descriptive-analytical approach and a quantitative methodology to establish the relationship between FDI and economic growth. Data were collected from secondary sources, including books, references, and the annual reports of the Central Bank of Sudan and the Central Bureau of Statistics. The study reached several conclusions, most notably: a direct relationship exists between foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth. This was confirmed by the positive FDI coefficient and its probability value being less than 0.05. Therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected, and the alternative hypothesis was accepted, stating that there is a statistically significant direct relationship between FDI and economic growth. In other words, the more foreign investment a country attracts, the higher its economic growth will be during the study period.
Humanitarian intervention to protect vulnerable populations under contemporary international law
The inability of the United Nations Charter’s laws to accomplish equilibrium and to keep up with international developments, the continuation of armed conflicts, the emergence of humanity as the essence of international law- the United Nations Charter comes up with miscellaneous new laws to overcome these changes. The prevailing ancient laws have led to dividing the world into two sections: The first section includes first world countries that have found it advantageous to interfere in other “weaker” nations’ affairs while the other section involves those “inferior” or “vulnerable” nations which found themselves victimized by the existence of armed conflicts in their countries. Therefore, one of the UN Charter’s laws calls for a “collective responsibility towards international protection” as a legal as well as an ethical commitment towards those victimized nations. This paper attempts to answer the following questions: Has this new law, the “collective responsibility towards international protection,” contributed to narrow the gap of the legitimate military force for humanitarian protection? Also, have some dialectical concepts, that attempt to be in harmony with the goals of the United Nations, been effectively developed politically and legally.
Digital Constitutional Citizenship in Fragile States: From Virtual Participation to Political Representation
This study examines digital citizenship in fragile states from a political sociology and constitutional–institutional perspective, focusing on the relationship between virtual participation and political representation under conditions of accelerated digital transformation. It argues that digitalization does not in itself generate effective citizenship unless it is embedded within a coherent framework of institutional legitimacy grounded in the rule of law, equal access, and enforceable accountability mechanisms. Addressing a theoretical gap between digital governance scholarship and fragile state literature, the study advances the concept of “Constitutional Digital Citizenship” as an analytical framework that reconnects technological transformation with the structural foundations of legal authority and institutional regulation. Rather than assuming that digital expansion is inherently democratizing, the study conceptualizes digital citizenship as contingent upon the constitutionalization of digital rights and the capacity of the state to subject cyberspace to legality and judicial oversight. Methodologically, the research adopts a comparative, indicator-based approach drawing on the United Nations E-Government Development Index (EGDI), the E-Participation Index (EPI), and the Rule of Law Index (2024). Through a structured comparison of Lebanon, Tunisia, and Iraq, the findings reveal a structural gap between technical digital readiness and institutional solidity. The results suggest that digital capacity functions as a mediating variable whose representative impact depends on the robustness of constitutional and regulatory frameworks. The study concludes that in fragile contexts, digital transformation operates as a structural amplifier: it enhances representative capacity where institutional legitimacy is consolidated and reproduces systemic fragility where constitutional foundations remain weak. Consequently, the success of digital citizenship should be assessed not by the breadth of technological infrastructure, but by the degree to which cyberspace is effectively integrated into the architecture of legal authority and accountable governance.
The Impact of Human Resource Development on Improving Productivity "A Field study on Industrial Organization in the Hadhramaut Coast"
This study aimed to measure the impact of human resources development on improving productivity within industrial organizations in Hadhramaut Coast. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach. The study population consisted of employees in industrial organizations in Hadhramaut Coast. A random sample of (250) individuals was selected for this purpose. The collected data was subjected to rigorous analysis using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS V.27). A set of results were reached, most notably: that the presence of a positive, statistically significant relationship between human resource qualification and productivity improvement in industrial organizations on the coast of Hadhramaut, where the relationship was strong. The study also demonstrated that there are no statistically significant differences between the respondents’ responses regarding the impact of human resources qualification on improving productivity in industrial organizations in the Hadhramaut coast due to personal variables (gender, age, educational qualification, job level, years of service). and based on what was stated in the results, it was concluded Proposing a number of recommendations, most notably: granting flexibility to workers to act freely and independently within the framework of their delegated powers, continuing to grant special rewards to individuals who excel in performance to encourage them more, continuing the efficient use of human resources that contributes to improving the company’s productivity.
Enhancing User Experience in Retail Environments Through Virtual Reality: An Investigation into Integration
This research delves into how Virtual Reality (VR) technology can be used in retail settings to improve user experience (UX), enhance customer interaction, and boost operational performance. The main goal is to find the best ways to integrate VR into retail, understand its effects on consumer actions, and look at tangible business impacts. Using existing literature on VR, frameworks for UX, and the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), critical dimensions for integration were established; these included hardware and software architecture, content creation and narrative design, environmental realism and interactivity. A quantitative method was applied through an online questionnaire analyzed with SPSS and PLS-SEM involving 152 respondents who had prior VR shopping experiences. Descriptive statistics, skewness, kurtosis, reliability, and validity measures were computed (Tables 1–3). Structural model analysis (Figure 1) indicated that realism and interactivity positively influence immersion and presence which predict engagement as well as retail performance outcomes such as browsing behavior, dwell time, and purchase intention (Table 4). The results showed that spatial design supported by VR technology significantly improves both experiential content and operational outcomes while also revealing practical challenges concerning accessibility as well as technological maintenance and data governance. This study proposes a framework (Figure 1) that links VR content with UX constructs and retail performance; it offers retailers and interior architects practical advice on how to create hybrid immersive environments for shopping.
The Crime of Abortion under Lebanese and French Law
This research examines the crime of abortion under both Lebanese criminal law and French criminal law through a comparative analytical approach, with the aim of clarifying each legal system’s position on abortion in light of the inherent conflict between a woman’s right to privacy and bodily autonomy, and the fetus’s right to life. The study is grounded in a central research question concerning the extent to which Lebanese and French legislation are capable of achieving a fair balance between these competing rights, particularly in view of contemporary social, medical, and human rights developments. The research demonstrates that the Lebanese legislator continues to adopt a predominantly punitive approach, criminalizing abortion in most cases, with narrowly defined exceptions that lack clarity and sufficient procedural safeguards for women. This reflects the predominance of moral and religious considerations at the expense of individual rights. In contrast, French law reveals significant legal evolution, having moved from criminalization to conditional legalization, and ultimately to the recognition of abortion as a woman’s right, subject to specific temporal, medical, and legal regulations. The study concludes that French legislation has been relatively successful in achieving a balance between the protection of the fetus and the safeguarding of women’s freedom and dignity, whereas the Lebanese legal framework suffers from legislative and philosophical shortcomings that prevent it from keeping pace with international human rights standards. Accordingly, the research recommends a reconsideration of Lebanese criminal policy on abortion through a rights-based and humanitarian approach that protects women without negating the right to life, and that establishes a clear and balanced legal framework.
Judicial protection of the environment and its role in achieving sustainable development
International interest in the environment emerged after the Stockholm Conference in 1972, which addressed the risks posed by industrial and technological development to the environment. This led to environmental disputes with legal dimensions, which necessitated the establishment of legislation and intergovernmental agreements that provide environmental protection This study aims to shed light on the role of ordinary courts in resolving environmental disputes and their adequacy to adjudicate such disputes. This study relies on relevant laws, given the complex nature and specificity of environmental issues, the challenges they pose to both national and international stakeholders, and the need for concerted efforts to rescue the environment. Furthermore, it is necessary to achieve a balance between climate protection and sustainable development, keeping pace with international changes and international agreements. Furthermore, it examines the mechanisms and whether there is a need to establish environmental courts (green courts) specialized in adjudicating environmental disputes, supported by specialized laws and agreements.
When Mediation Becomes a Target: Sovereignty Norms, Extraterritorial Force, and the Doha 2025 Strike
This article analyzes the regional and geopolitical repercussions of Israel’s September 9, 2025 strike in Doha, Qatar, arguing that the episode marked a qualitative shift in regional conflict management: mediation venues and negotiators became targetable. Employing a qualitative case-study design with process tracing and discourse analysis, the study draws on official statements, United Nations materials, and regional diplomatic messaging to examine how the incident reshaped sovereignty contestation, deterrence signaling, alliance credibility, and Gulf security coordination. The theoretical framework integrates sovereignty and use-of-force debates with deterrence and signaling, alliance politics, and mediation theory, introducing the concept of the “mediator’s sanctuary” to capture expectations of protected negotiation space. Findings indicate a threefold shock: a legitimacy crisis around territorial integrity and accountability; an alliance-credibility stress test that amplified hedging and defense diversification pressures across GCC states; and an institutional shock to mediation integrity that reduced confidence in ceasefire diplomacy and increased risks of bargaining breakdown and escalation. The article concludes with policy implications for safeguarding mediation processes, strengthening GCC crisis coordination, and clarifying prohibitions against targeting negotiators and host territory.
A Mixed-Methods Methodology for Constructing Integrated Shariah and Economic Evaluation Frameworks
This study develops a rigorous methodological foundation for constructing an integrated evaluation framework for Islamic financial products, addressing the longstanding absence of standardized, replicable, and analytically coherent assessment tools in the field. Existing literature largely separates Shariah compliance analysis from economic performance evaluation, resulting in fragmented methodologies and inconsistent regulatory practices. This study adopts a mixed-methods design that combines deductive reasoning rooted in Islamic jurisprudence with inductive refinement derived from empirical contract analysis. The methodological structure integrates qualitative tools—such as clause-based checklists and structured suspicion scoring—with quantitative financial indicators capturing risk, liquidity, return, and capital preservation. The paper demonstrates how theoretical assumptions are transformed into conceptual components and operational procedures within a dual-pillar system comprising Shariah compliance and economic efficiency. The proposed methodology allows Shariah boards, regulatory authorities, institutional investors, and financial analysts to evaluate Islamic financial products using standardized tools rather than case-specific judgments. This contributes to reducing interpretive inconsistency across products and facilitating more transparent decision-making processes for market participants. The framework also provides a replicable foundation that can be expanded across asset classes and regulatory contexts. Keywords: Economic Efficiency; Shariah Compliance; Mixed-Methods; Islamic Financial Product Evaluation; Suspicious Elements; Evaluation Frameworks.
The Arabic Language and Its Relationship with the Knowledge and Information Society**
There are many justifications for discussing the relationship between language and the knowledge and information society, including: the tremendous scientific progress in information technology and social communication, the role of language in building and transmitting knowledge, and how to exploit modern technology to support language and enhance its presence in the digital space. In Arab society, we observe a lack of investment in technological development, which negatively affects the productive and cognitive linguistic and Arabic capabilities in the field of preparing software and electronic programs, educational programs, text processing, instant translation, artificial intelligence, and other fields of linguistic knowledge. Therefore, it was necessary to deepen the sense among researchers of the centrality of language in establishing a knowledge society; to make the Arabic language an essential tool for building and transmitting knowledge between generations as societies develop and transform into knowledge societies, and to develop language industries that are based primarily on the Arabic language, such as: the machine translation software industry, and the development of digital content. The importance of this research paper lies in identifying the role of the Arabic language in building an Arab knowledge society, analyzing the challenges facing the Arabic language considering technological development and the information revolution, and assessing the extent to which the Arabic language is suitable for meeting the requirements of the digital age. One of the most important findings of the research is that the Arabic language is a fundamental means of communication and connection among the people of the Arab and Islamic nation, and it also contributes to enhancing understanding with our Muslim brothers who do not speak Arabic.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Scientific Development for Studies and Research (JSD) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of financial inclusion on economic growth
The research problem arises from individuals' reluctance to use financial services and products, and their reliance on informal entities for their financial transactions, This research aims to examine the impact of the relationship between financial inclusion and economic growth. Economic growth is the most powerful tool for poverty reduction, and rapid and sustainable growth is crucial for the rapid advancement of countries. With the recent widespread diffusion of digital technology, the use of electronic services has gained widespread acceptance among most segments of society. Financial inclusion has gained increasing importance locally and internationally due to its effective role in economic and financial development, and thus its role in achieving sustainable development. Many countries, both foreign and Arab, have achieved high rates of financial inclusion. The research defines financial inclusion as the timely, appropriate, dignified, and sustainable provision of formal financial services to the general public, especially the poor and financially marginalized. It also aims to enhance financial literacy among citizens and enable them to engage in the formal economy at affordable prices, thus enhancing economic growth. The research focuses on analyzing the relationship between increasing access to financial services, such as bank accounts, loans, and insurance, and improving economic growth rates by supporting small and medium-sized enterprises, encouraging savings and investment, and bridging gaps. The research also addresses challenges that hinder effective financial inclusion, such as weak infrastructure and awareness levels. It also discusses the role of financial technology in improving financial inclusion rates, especially in light of the trend toward digital transformation in the financial sector. The research concludes that enhancing financial inclusion leads to increased productivity and improved living standards. It recommends developing supportive policies to expand the scope of financial services and increase the percentage of those covered, which contributes to enhancing economic growth and financial stability.
Negotiating Islamic Identity in Secular Europe: A Maqāṣidī Framework for Second- and Third-Generation Muslim Minorities
Enter your abstract here (an abstract is a brief, More importantly comprehensive summary of the contents of the article). Enter your abstract here (an abstract is a brief, More importantly comprehensive summary of the contents of the article). This study examines the identity negotiation challenges faced by second- and third-generation Muslims belonging to minority communities in secular Europe. It proposes adopting a maqāṣidī (objectives-of-the-law) framework as a guiding paradigm for reconciling Islamic values with civic life in this context. A maqāṣidī-driven approach prioritizes the higher objectives and ethical principles of Sharīʿah—such as justice, compassion, and public welfare—over a strictly literal adherence to specific rulings. This approach enables contextual adaptation while preserving core faith commitments. By reframing Islamic practice around these universal goals, young European Muslims can better harmonize their religious identity with full participation in secular society. The study also addresses issues of intergenerational cultural tension, pressures of assimilation, and the potential for isolationism or extremism. It illustrates how a purpose-centric interpretation of Sharīʿah can foster constructive integration and resilience in the face of these challenges. Comparative reflections on Muslim minority experiences in other regions (such as Southern Thailand) highlight the broader applicability of this maqāṣidī approach beyond the European context. Ultimately, the study concludes that grounding identity in the maqāṣid paradigm empowers Muslims to remain faithful to Islamic principles while thriving as equal citizens in secular societies.
Contemporary Arab International Challenges A Study in Knowledge Economy
Undoubtedly, contemporary societal changes have taken place in Arab societies, resulting in radical transformations in many areas. These have led to the emergence of innovative developments in recent times, particularly in advanced technologies and technologies, known as the Fourth Generation. This development is a result of the influence of globalization, openness, and the technological and information revolution, whose uses and importance have become evident considering the crises facing countries around the world, including economic, health, and educational crises. Therefore, international societies have been influenced by these contemporary variables; new concepts have been added bearing modern behavioral patterns and intellectual trends. Furthermore, new scientific theories, political ideologies, innovations, and creativity have emerged that are compatible with the urgent crises facing these societies, regardless of their cultures and environments. These innovations utilize technology and knowledge, represented in distance education and the knowledge-based economy, which invests knowledge in increasing productivity, as well as the knowledge economy based on exporting ideas and using data to pursue economic policies that resolve countries' crises and increase their national income. For example, we see the development of educational methods that differ from traditional education in terms of quantity and quality, such as e-learning, with new uses in the economy, known as the green economy and green hydrogen, to preserve the environment and humanity.
Ibn Hisham al-Ansari’s (d. 761 AH) Grammatical Perspectives as Reflected in the Linguistic Evidences of His Major Commentary on Ibn Malik’s Alfiyyah (d. 672 AH)
This research explores the grammatical views of Ibn Hisham al-Ansari (d. 761 AH) as presented in his Major Commentary on Ibn Malik’s Alfiyyah (d. 672 AH), one of the most significant works that engaged extensively with grammatical evidence. The study demonstrates how Ibn Hisham drew upon the opinions of earlier Arab linguists, while also contributing original insights that enriched the field of Arabic grammar. Through a detailed analysis of the commentary, the research highlights Ibn Hisham’s independent grammatical stance, his methodological approach to citing and interpreting linguistic evidence, and the distinctive clarity and fluency of his style, which reflects the nature of the subject matter. Ultimately, the study underscores Ibn Hisham’s substantial role in shaping grammatical thought and sheds light on the diversity of his views as embodied in the Major Commentary.
Generative AI in Education: Personalizing Learning and Fostering Self-Assessment
Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a key driver of digital transformation in education, enabling instant personalization of learning and the generation of adaptive content tailored to learners’ abilities and needs. This article aims to explore the potential of such technologies in enhancing educational processes by fostering personalized learning and empowering students to develop self-assessment strategies. The central research problem lies in assessing the effectiveness of generative AI in improving learning outcomes and ensuring content reliability, while addressing ethical and technical challenges such as data protection and the digital divide. The study adopts a descriptive–applied methodology through a field experiment involving 110 primary school students. Tools such as ChatGPT and Midjourney were employed to generate texts, images, and exercises, while both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to analyze students’ interactions and performance. The article is structured around several key axes: the conceptual framework of generative AI in education, mechanisms of real-time content personalization, support for self-directed and self-assessment learning, a practical case study, and the linkage of results to motivational and cognitive comfort theories. Findings indicate that generative AI technologies effectively enhance cognitive comfort, increase student motivation, and improve academic performance, while enabling learners to design interactive self-assessment tests using platforms such as Quizizz AI. These outcomes highlight the innovative contribution of the article, which connects real-time personalized learning with self-assessment practices, opening new perspectives for the didactics of school subjects in the age of generative AI.
The impact of environmental damage on human rights
This research aims to examine the impact of environmental damage on human rights. It demonstrates how environmental degradation Impacts fundamental human rights, such as the right to life, health, water, and clean air. The research focuses on the interaction between the environment, sustainable development, and human rights, demonstrating that environmental damage leads to the deterioration of the social and economic conditions of people, reinforcing the need for legal standards to provide the necessary protection for these rights. The research also discusses the importance of integrating human rights into international and domestic environmental policies and reviews the legal tools available to protect rights considering growing environmental challenges. The primary objective of this research is to raise awareness about the need for effective legal action to address environmental damage. The research concludes that promoting environmental justice can contribute to achieving sustainable development and protecting human rights in an integrated manner.
The role of the Municipal Courts Formation Law in protecting the environment in Jordan
The role of environmental laws in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and their enforcement is significantly highlighted in light of the growing pollution resulting from violations committed against the environment in all its components and their impact on the quality of life. These laws constitute a preventative aspect of environmental protection, alongside the laws that define the jurisdiction of courts to hear these violations, as stipulated in Jordanian Courts Formation Law No. 17 of 2001 and Municipal Courts Formation Law No. 35 of 2006 and its amendments of 2018. This research highlights the role played by Municipal Courts Formation Law No. 35 of 2006 and its amendments of 2018 in protecting the environment in Jordan. This law is one of the most important laws on the environmental level in Jordan, as it outlines the legal framework governing the work of these courts, which are an important tool in enforcing environmental legislation through their jurisdiction over violations occurring within the territorial jurisdiction of municipalities, despite the lack of explicit environmental provisions in their formation law. The research aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of municipal courts in confronting environmental violations within municipal boundaries, by clarifying the legal and regulatory framework of municipal courts, their legislative origins, their jurisdictions, and their impact on enforcing environmental legislation, analyzing relevant legal texts, and highlighting the challenges that weaken the effectiveness of these courts, such as weak judicial specialization, low penalties, and the absence of institutional coordination with regulatory and executive bodies to achieve environmental justice.
Grammatical Issues in Which Ibn al- Sarraj Opposed the Basrans Collectively and a study
The aim of this research is to stand on the grammatical issues in which In in -Sarrah in -Basri violated the collection and study and present it for discussion and analysis, the importance of this research comes to the great status of In in -Sarraj and its role in the grammar position, its restriction and its obstruction, the researcher followed the descriptive and analytical approach in writing this research, by presenting the issue and mentioning the opinion of In in -Sarraj in it, then he mentioned the opinions of the grammar For a number of results and recommendations, the most important of which are: Most of the issues of the dispute mentioned by In in -Sarraj in his book The Fundamentals are issues that are considered in the subtle sub -differences, the research showed that many of the contentious issues between the grammarians were the basis The syntax of the vocabulary that the Arabic sentence adheres to, despite its grammatical meanings, in conclusion, the researcher recommends research and investigation in the curriculum and method of In in -Sarraj in -Nahwi and the study of his grammatical and morphological views in a broader and most comprehensive way..
Impact of Technology Integration on Teaching Arabic Language to non-native Speakers in Higher Islamic School in Nigeria
ABSTRACT This study was conducted to examine the integration of technology use in teaching Arabic as a foreign language in Nigeria, its effectiveness, challenges, and possible solutions. This study was conducted through a case study of selected secondary schools. A questionnaire was used as a research tool to collect data from 200 respondents, including Arabic language students and teachers, selected through a stratified random sample. Respondents were selected from different secondary schools. The study relied on descriptive and inferential statistics to analyze the collected data. Two research questions were formulated, which were used to develop the questionnaire items and provide a framework for analysis. The results revealed a moderate level of technology integration in the teaching and learning of Arabic. Although a large number of Arabic language teachers and students have access to some digital tools, such as Arabic e-books, learning apps, and multimedia resources, infrastructural shortcomings were identified. These shortcomings included inadequate access to computers and internet facilities, a shortage of digital teaching tools, and teachers' lack of readiness to use educational technology effectively. Despite these challenges, most participants confirmed that technology enhances Arabic language learning outcomes, particularly in the areas of reading, writing, pronunciation, and grammar. The study recommended that government and private entities provide assistance in providing technological tools, such as virtual classrooms, audio-visual content, and e-courses, which would undoubtedly contribute to facilitating language learning and acquisition among non-native speakers of Arabic in Nigeria. Keywords: Technology, Tools, Language Learning, Language Acquisition, Virtual Learning.
The Reality of Employee Turnover and Its Impact on the Performance Level of Employees in the Health Directorates in Hebron Governorate
This study aimed to examine the reality of employee turnover and its impact on the performance of staff working in the health directorates of Hebron Governorate. A sample of 147 employees selected using a proportional stratified sampling technique. The study employed the descriptive–analytical method, and data collected through a structured questionnaire. The findings indicated that the overall level of employee turnover in the health directorates was high. The most prominent causes of turnover included job stagnation, work-related challenges, the nature of the job and teamwork, and the lack of appropriate motivation, all of which rated high. In contrast, social and political constraints, lack of comfort, and management style rated moderate. Results further revealed that employee performance levels were high; however, turnover had a negative effect on performance. Based on these findings, the study recommends reducing turnover rates by formulating clear policies that ensure the stability of health personnel and enhance their organizational loyalty. It also highlights the need to address job stagnation through transparent and equitable promotion standards based on competence and achievement, as well as providing continuous professional development programs that improve employee performance and career advancement opportunities. Furthermore, creating a supportive and comfortable work environment that fosters employees’ psychological and social well-being is essential to strengthening satisfaction and organizational commitment. Finally, adopting participatory leadership styles grounded in effective communication, motivation, and empowerment recommended, as good management practices found to be positively associated with improved performance.
The impact of Electronic Marketing on Enhancing competitive Advantage (Field study at University of Science and Technology-Main Campus,Aden)
The study aimed to identify the impact of electronic marketing with its dimensions (electronic product, electronic pricing, electronic promotion, electronic distribution) on enhancing competitive advantage with its dimensions (lower cost, quality, flexibility). The study population consisted of employees and academics at the University of Science and Technology – Main Center, Aden. For the purpose of this study, a purposive sample of (65) employees from departments and divisions related to the research problem was selected. The collected data were analyzed and interpreted using the statistical analysis program SPSS. The study reached a number of findings, the most prominent of which is that the level of availability of electronic marketing and the level of achieving competitive advantage at the University of Science and Technology – Main Center, Aden, are both high. It was also found that there is a strong relationship between electronic marketing and enhancing competitive advantage. In addition, the dimensions of electronic marketing (electronic product, electronic pricing, electronic promotion, electronic distribution) had a significant effect on enhancing competitive advantage, with electronic distribution having the strongest impact in enhancing competitive advantage. The study recommended several important points: the necessity of paying attention to providing an integrated electronic marketing mix that includes all the required information about the programs and services offered by the university, in order to market them at the appropriate time. This contributes to enhancing the competitive advantage of the University of Science and Technology – Main Center, Aden, particularly with respect to competing with other universities and academic institutions.
Improving Data Encryption with Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs)
The paper addresses the importance of data protection in the digital age, where sensitive information is increasingly threatened by cyber-attacks. Encryption is one of the fundamental methods for protecting this data, but challenges related to security and performance efficiency remain. In this context, generative neural networks emerge as an innovative tool for enhancing encryption techniques. Generative neural networks are based on the idea of two models: a generator, which seeks to generate new data, and a discriminator, which aims to distinguish between real and fake data. Through this competitive process, generative neural networks can improve the quality of the generated data and one of its most popular applications is generating encryption keys: Generative neural networks can be used to generate unique and complex encryption keys, making it more difficult to crack security systems. Improving encryption algorithms by learning from data patterns. Generative neural networks can improve existing algorithms, leading to more efficient encryption Generated Data Encryption: Generative neural networks can be used to securely generate new data representing sensitive information, reducing the risk of data leakage.
Environmental governance frameworks in Iraq
This research reviews the literature related to environmental governance and its influential and defining actors, focusing on Iraq and its efforts to frame environmental governance by complying with the provisions of international treaties related to the environment and integrating them into national laws and legislation, as well as institutionally framing this in a way that positively reflects on the environmental index, enabling Iraq to confront climate change and limit its effects in all dimensions. The research aims to enrich theoretical studies with conceptual determinants related to environmental governance, its objectives, and its contents. The practical objective focuses on highlighting Iraq's efforts in the field of environmental governance
plans and initiatives related to the environment