Journal of Scientific Development, "for Studies and Research" (JSD)
About JSD : Journal of Scientific Development, "for Studies and Research" (JSD) International Refereed Scholarly Journal P-ISSN: 2709-1635 E-ISSN: 2958-7328 An international peer-reviewed academic journal, quarterly (March - June - September - December), a pioneer in the field of social and technological studies and research. It publishes research and studies in Arabic or English. The journal is keen to publish research. Which has originality, novelty and scientific methodology, and represents a qualitative addition in various specializations, under the supervision of an international scientific body with scientific competence and professional and research experience. The journal adheres to an ethical charter for its publishing rules, and an internal system that regulates the process of substantive arbitration, in addition to ensuring the quality of the technical and objective specifications of international peer-reviewed journals.
The Academy of Creativity Sama for Studies, Consultations and Scientific Development
Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Warfare: A European Perspective on the Law of Armed Conflict
Autonomous and AI-enabled weapon systems have moved from speculative debate into the center of contemporary security governance. International humanitarian law (IHL) unquestionably applies to their development and use, yet the accelerating integration of machine learning, sensor fusion, autonomous navigation, and automated target-recognition functions has exposed a persistent uncertainty: not whether law applies, but whether responsibility for unlawful harm can still be attributed in a sufficiently precise, fair, and operationally meaningful way (ICRC, 2021, 2026; UNIDIR, 2025). Purpose. This paper examines the accountability gaps that emerge when lethal force is mediated by autonomous or AI-enabled systems and argues that Europe requires a more explicit legal and institutional architecture than the current patchwork of general IHL rules, national weapons reviews, and non-binding AI principles. It asks how accountability diffuses across the lifecycle of such systems, why existing doctrines struggle to absorb that diffusion, and what a European response should look like. Methodology. The paper employs a doctrinal and policy-analytical methodology. It interprets treaty law, especially Additional Protocol I and the Rome Statute, in light of contemporary institutional practice, and it comparatively analyzes authoritative materials from the ICRC, the United Nations, UNIDIR, NATO, the European Parliament, the Council of Europe, the European Union, and SIPRI, alongside peer-reviewed scholarship on autonomy, targeting, command responsibility, and human control (Additional Protocol I, 1977, art. 36; Rome Statute, 1998, art. 28; NATO, 2024; SIPRI, 2023). Findings. The paper identifies five interlocking accountability gaps: an epistemic gap, a lifecycle-diffusion gap, a review-to-use gap, a command-responsibility gap, and a coalition-and-contractor gap. It argues that existing law remains applicable but is insufficiently specific to preserve meaningful accountability under conditions of algorithmic opacity, probabilistic targeting, software updates, and multinational interoperability. In response, the paper proposes a three-layer European accountability architecture combining substantive prohibitions and restrictions, operational assurance duties, and institutional oversight mechanisms. Research limitations. This study is doctrinal and policy-oriented rather than empirical. It does not rely on classified operational data, proprietary system-testing results, or privileged procurement documentation. Its conclusions therefore concern legal structure and governance design rather than the performance of any single platform. Originality/value. The paper contributes by moving beyond the binary debate between “law already suffices” and “all autonomy must be banned.” It shows that the central problem is the under-specification of accountability across the full sociotechnical lifecycle of military AI, and it develops a distinctly European pathway for preserving both operational effectiveness and legal legitimacy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Scientific Development, "for Studies and Research" (JSD) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Civil Liability of Physicians for Misdiagnosis Using Artificial Intelligence
This study examines the civil liability of physicians for misdiagnosis resulting from the use of artificial intelligence technologies in the medical field, in light of the rapid technological development witnessed by modern healthcare systems. Artificial intelligence has become a pivotal tool in supporting medical decision-making, particularly in diagnosis, through the analysis of medical images and clinical data, and the prediction of diseases with a level of speed and accuracy that often exceeds human capabilities (Tantawy, 2020; Boden, 2018). I The research aims to clarify the conceptual framework of artificial intelligence by reviewing its linguistic, doctrinal, technical, and legal definitions, as well as its growing role in medical diagnosis and its practical advantages in improving healthcare quality and reducing human error. At the same time, it discusses the legal challenges raised by reliance on these technologies, especially when a diagnostic error occurs that causes harm to the patient (Hassan, 2022; Abdul Razzag, 2020). The study further analyzes the extent of physicians civil liability when relying on artificial intelligence systems, distinguishing between professional fault-resulting from misuse or failure to verify outputs and technical fault—arising from defects in system design, programming, or data. It also addresses the scope of compensation and the practical difficulties in proving fault, causation, and identifying the liable party. The study concludes by emphasizing the need to develop legislative frameworks that keep pace with artificial intelligence in medical diagnosis while balancing technological innovation with patient protection.
Injecting Drug Use: An Analytical Study of the Health, Psychological, Social, and Legal Risks and Their Implications for Public Health and Community Security
This study aims to identify the issue of injectable drug use. The central research question is: "What are the health, psychological, social, and legal risks and complications resulting from injectable drug use, and what are its implications for public health and community security?" The study's significance lies in its shedding light on the concept of injectable drug use, the reasons that drive users to this method, the most common injectable drugs, the resulting risks, and preventative measures. The study concluded with a set of results and recommendations, and perhaps its most important results are the following: The method of drug use by injection is considered one of the most dangerous forms of drug use, due to the complications and health, social, economic and legal risks resulting from it. The spread of the phenomenon of drug use has serious repercussions on public health, community security and family stability, and constitutes a great economic and security burden on countries. Among the most important recommendations are: the need to strengthen community awareness programs about the dangers of drug use in general and injection in particular; the need to enhance cooperation between various health, security, judicial, social and media institutions in preventing and combating drugs; the need to encourage and intensify scientific studies on patterns of use, their dangers and methods of prevention; and the need to adopt a comprehensive and integrated national preventive strategy to reduce the phenomenon of drug use.
Human Resource Management practices and their Relation to Preparing second line Leaders Among Health Institutions in Hebron Governorate
The study aimed to identify the reality of human resource management practices and its relationship to the preparation of second-grade leaderships in health institutions in the Hebron governorate. The study population consisted of (1479) workers and workers in Al-Ahli Hospital, the Red Crescent Society Hospital, and Al-Mezan Specialist Hospital, where the sample was chosen by the stratified random method. It consists of (305) items, of which (224) items have been retrieved. He followed the descriptive analytical approach, and the questionnaire was used as a tool for collecting information. The study reached several results, the most important of which were: - The health institutions in the Hebron governorate pay great attention to human resource management. The study also indicated the existence of conviction among health workers of the importance of job rotation. It also indicated that there is a strong and statistically significant direct correlation between management strategies. Human resources in all its fields and preparing second-grade leaders in health institutions. The results also showed that there was no effect of the opinions of the study sample individuals on human resource management practices in health institutions in the Hebron governorate depending on the variables: gender, marital status, years of service, academic qualification, job title, and hospital, and there was no effect of the opinions of the study sample individuals about preparing leaders The second grade in health institutions in the Hebron governorate according to the variables: gender, marital status, years of service, educational qualification, job title, and hospital. The study came out with a number of recommendations, the most important of which were: The need to continue using the scientific methodology used in the selection and appointment process in terms of providing sufficient information about applicants.
Cyber Economic Crimes and Methods of Combating Them
Crimes are no longer limited by location in the era of the digital revolution; rather, they have developed into a shadow existence that eludes boundaries and wires. This study clarifies the crimes of the modern day, called cybercrimes, which are typified by a level of criminal intellect that has never been seen before and that traditional laws are unable to combat. In order to solve these issues, this study looks at how the true Islamic perspective can be applied, highlighting how Islamic law, with its adaptability and capacity for inference, can take these developments into account. By following guidelines like "closing the gaps" and "preventing corruption," Islamic jurisprudence can provide workable answers to unsolvable issues. The study offers a thorough comparison of the foreign systems that have only recently started to adopt the holistic Islamic approach, which combines treatment through deterrent sanctions with prevention through education and awareness. It also explores the methods of legal proof, which include everything that shows the truth, from technological know-how to circumstantial evidence. In summary, this intellectual journey demonstrates that Islam is not just a religion of the past but also a holistic way of life that looks to the future and offers answers to issues that the early generations could not have even envisioned but that are consistent with the universal rules that the Muslim mind has created.
The Orientalists' Stance Towards Arabic Sciences (Especially Arabic Astronomy)
In this paper, we highlight the influence of Arab/Islamic civilization in the field of the history of astronomy on European historians. We also aim to elucidate the stance of Orientalists toward the study of Arab sciences and to clarify their orientations, with a particular focus on astronomy, while revealing the significant role played by Arab scholars in this domain and the impact of their contributions-especially astronomical tables (Zīj)-on Western astronomers. Furthermore, we have clarified the mechanisms of transmission of Arab sciences, particularly astronomy, from Arab scholars to Western scholars, and the role of Arab astronomers in Western civilization. In addition, we address the contributions of Arab scholars to the development of astronomy and the perspective of Orientalists, particularly David King, regarding this matter. We also underscore the importance of Orientalists’ works in analyzing Arab/Islamic scholarly output, identifying its influence on the West in the field of astronomy, and demonstrating how Western scholars benefited from translations of Arabic books in this discipline. In this paper, we adopt the historical retrieval methodology, by referencing previously documented astronomical information and contributions, with an emphasis on the processes of transmission of these sciences from the Arabs to the West.
"Critical Success Factors of Strategic Management: A Descriptive Analytical Study in the Light of Management Literature and Quality Management Systems"
This study aimed to identify the Critical Success Factors (CSFs) in strategic management and analyze the extent of their alignment with the requirements of the ISO 9001:2015 Quality Management System. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach through a review of the relevant scientific literature and a content analysis of the ISO 9001:2015 standard. The findings revealed that the most frequently cited critical success factors in the literature comprise eight main factors: strategic leadership, quality management system, risk analysis, customer satisfaction, strategic capabilities and competencies, continuous improvement, organizational culture, and information systems. The results also indicated a high degree of alignment between these critical success factors and the requirements of ISO 9001:2015, particularly in the areas of leadership, planning, support, operations, performance evaluation, and improvement. The study recommends strengthening top management commitment, enhancing quality management systems, fostering a culture of continuous improvement, and adopting effective methodologies for risk analysis and information management to achieve organizational excellence and sustainable competitive advantage.
Critical Success Factors (CSFs); ISO 9001:2015; Literature Review
وائل سليمان احمد الصغير وائل سليمان احمد الصغير
Secret Marriage in Islamic Jurisprudence: An Analytical Study of Jurists' Opinions in Light of the Maliki School of Law
This study examines a juristic issue related to secret marriage (nikāḥ al-sirr) within the Mālikī school of Islamic law, focusing on a precise legal problem: the ruling on the annulment of such a marriage after consummation when what Mālikī jurists term ṭūl (the lapse of a considerable period of time) has occurred. The study begins by analyzing the concept of secret marriage in classical juristic discourse and clarifying the subtle distinctions between its definition according to the majority of jurists and its particular formulation in the Mālikī school. Mālikī jurists adopted a broader understanding of the concept, extending it to include marriages concluded with a mutual agreement to conceal them, even if witnesses were present. The paper then examines the positions of Mālikī jurists regarding the annulment of such marriages, identifying three principal trends: the view that the marriage remains valid in all cases; the view that it should be annulled before consummation—or after consummation if ṭūl has not occurred; and the view that it must be annulled absolutely, even after consummation and the lapse of time. Methodologically, the study employs an inductive analytical approach to survey the relevant textual evidence in Mālikī sources, a comparative critical method to assess the various opinions, and a juristic-methodological approach of preference (tarjīḥ) to evaluate claims regarding the authoritative (mashhūr) position within the school. The study concludes that the position affirming the validity of secret marriage after consummation and the occurrence of ṭūl is most consistent with the principles of intra-madhhab preference and with a comprehensive reading of early Mālikī sources. It further demonstrates that the claim that the absolute annulment of such marriages represents the authoritative position in the school does not withstand rigorous textual scrutiny. This finding contributes to clarifying the methodology for determining the mashhūr position in the Mālikī school and highlights the role of the objectives of publicizing marriage and preserving family stability in shaping juristic rulings.
madhhab-based authoritativeness (tashhīr).
The Methodology of Imam Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-‘Umāni in Establishing the Principles of Tajwīd: An Analytical Study of the Chapter “Tajwīd and the Encouragement to It” in His Book al-Awsat fī al-Qirā’āt
This study examines Imam Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥasan al-ʿUmānī’s methodology in establishing the principles of Tajwīd through the chapter “Tajwīd and Encouragement Toward It” in his book al-Awsat fī al-Qirāʾāt. The research argues that al-ʿUmānī viewed Tajwīd not merely as a set of theoretical rules, but as an integrated discipline combining precise phonetic articulation, refined recitational performance, and practical linguistic training. The study analyzes his treatment of concepts such as articulation, disciplined pronunciation, and the proper realization of letters through applied examples in idghām, iẓhār, and letter articulation. Adopting descriptive, analytical, and inductive approaches, the study concludes that al-ʿUmānī contributed significantly to the development of Tajwīd by uniting theoretical foundations with practical application, thereby occupying an important place in both the Qurʾānic recitational tradition and the Omani scholarly heritage.
A Clustering-Based Framework for AI User Profiling in Intelligent Systems
Artificial intelligence (AI) systems increasingly depend on user modeling to provide adaptive functionality and personalized interactions. Although prior studies have examined AI adoption using descriptive analysis or supervised prediction models, comparatively limited attention has been given to robust unsupervised profiling of AI users across multiple usage contexts. This study proposes a clustering-based framework for profiling AI users in professional environments using a multidimensional dataset derived from structured survey responses. The framework combines data preprocessing, unsupervised learning, dimensionality reduction, and cluster validation to generate interpretable user profiles from behavioral and contextual variables. Using a dataset of 62 participants, the analysis shows that a two-cluster solution provides the most suitable segmentation of the data. The identified clusters represent two distinct user profiles: low-integration users and high-integration users. The results indicate that the primary separation between users is driven by task-oriented AI usage in professional and practical contexts rather than by general familiarity with AI tools. The study further shows that structured survey data can be transformed into computational user models suitable for intelligent systems design. By linking user segmentation to personalization needs, the proposed framework contributes to data mining, user modeling, and adaptive AI system development.
Accountability Gaps in Autonomous Warfare: Rethinking the Law of Armed Conflict in the Age of AI
Background. Autonomous and AI-enabled weapon systems have moved from speculative debate into the center of contemporary security governance. International humanitarian law (IHL) unquestionably applies to their development and use, yet the accelerating integration of machine learning, sensor fusion, autonomous navigation, and automated target-recognition functions has exposed a persistent uncertainty: not whether law applies, but whether responsibility for unlawful harm can still be attributed in a sufficiently precise, fair, and operationally meaningful way (ICRC, 2021, 2026; UNIDIR, 2025). Purpose. This paper examines the accountability gaps that emerge when lethal force is mediated by autonomous or AI-enabled systems and argues that Europe requires a more explicit legal and institutional architecture than the current patchwork of general IHL rules, national weapons reviews, and non-binding AI principles. It asks how accountability diffuses across the lifecycle of such systems, why existing doctrines struggle to absorb that diffusion, and what a European response should look like. Methodology. The paper employs a doctrinal and policy-analytical methodology. It interprets treaty law, especially Additional Protocol I and the Rome Statute, in light of contemporary institutional practice, and it comparatively analyzes authoritative materials from the ICRC, the United Nations, UNIDIR, NATO, the European Parliament, the Council of Europe, the European Union, and SIPRI, alongside peer-reviewed scholarship on autonomy, targeting, command responsibility, and human control (Additional Protocol I, 1977, art. 36; Rome Statute, 1998, art. 28; NATO, 2024; SIPRI, 2023). Findings. The paper identifies five interlocking accountability gaps: an epistemic gap, a lifecycle-diffusion gap, a review-to-use gap, a command-responsibility gap, and a coalition-and-contractor gap. It argues that existing law remains applicable but is insufficiently specific to preserve meaningful accountability under conditions of algorithmic opacity, probabilistic targeting, software updates, and multinational interoperability. In response, the paper proposes a three-layer European accountability architecture combining substantive prohibitions and restrictions, operational assurance duties, and institutional oversight mechanisms. Research limitations. This study is doctrinal and policy-oriented rather than empirical. It does not rely on classified operational data, proprietary system-testing results, or privileged procurement documentation. Its conclusions therefore concern legal structure and governance design rather than the performance of any single platform. Originality/value. The paper contributes by moving beyond the binary debate between “law already suffices” and “all autonomy must be banned.” It shows that the central problem is the under-specification of accountability across the full sociotechnical lifecycle of military AI, and it develops a distinctly European pathway for preserving both operational effectiveness and legal legitimacy.
Using artificial intelligence applications and technologies to enhance military capabilities and improve strategic performance in modern warfare
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is playing an increasing role in planning and supporting military operations and has become a key tool in all defense and deterrence operations. Artificial intelligence technology also has many applications in the areas of modern weapons such as autonomous systems and vehicles. The use of artificial intelligence is expected to have a greater impact on military jobs, especially in terms of human-machine interaction (machine learning, human-machine collaboration). In this research, we will provide an overview of the possibilities of applying artificial intelligence in military matters and highlight the areas of its use in this vital sector, especially in the quality and performance of operations that focus on key areas such as situational awareness, decision support, as well as logistical and operational planning, in addition to modeling and simulation
Civil liability for damages arising from artificial intelligence applications: in Jordanian civil law
This study aims to analyze the legal basis of civil liability for damages arising from artificial intelligence applications, clarifying the nature and legal characteristics of these damages, and assessing the extent to which traditional civil liability rules can accommodate them in light of the rapid development of intelligent systems. The study's problem stems from the absence of a clear legislative framework regulating liability for AI-related damages, raising questions about the most appropriate legal basis, the nature of the damage, the adequacy of traditional rules, and the challenges associated with proving fault and causation in a complex digital environment. To answer these questions, the study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach by reviewing relevant legal and jurisprudential texts, analyzing practical applications, and comparing modern trends in contemporary legislation, ultimately proposing a legal framework that aligns with modern technological developments and ensures the protection of those affected.
The effect of a proposed educational program based on the theory of successful intelligence on visual culture and the development of probabilistic thinking among fifth-grade primary school students towards mathematics
The current research aims to study the effect of a proposed educational program based on the theory of successful intelligence on visual culture and the development of probabilistic thinking among fifth-grade primary school students in mathematics. To achieve the research objectives and test its hypotheses, the researcher formulated two main hypotheses and sub-hypotheses. He relied on an experimental design known as the equivalent group design, which includes pre- and post-tests. The research sample consisted of 80 students, intentionally selected from primary schools in the center of Nineveh Governorate for the 2024-2025 academic year. The students were divided into two groups: the experimental group, which included 40 students, and the control group, which included 40 students. The researcher compared the two groups on several variables, including: intelligence test scores, mathematics scores, the overall average of students' grades in fourth grade, chronological age in months, parents' educational level, and a pre-test of probabilistic thinking. The researcher used two tools in the study: the first was a visual literacy test consisting of 18 items in its final form, and the second was a probabilistic reasoning test in mathematics, which included 20 items. The validity and reliability of both tests were verified by the researcher teaching the research sample. After completing the teaching of the topics according to the plans prepared for the three groups, the two tools were administered to these groups in the post-test phase. After collecting the data and analyzing it statistically using one-way analysis of variance and the Scheffe test, the results demonstrated the superiority of the two strategies over the traditional method.
Technical challenges of e-governance and ways to ensure successful digital transformation in the government sector
We are currently living in the era of the third digital transformation, and new challenges are posed for governments, companies, businessmen and customers / consumers. that the era of digital transformation represents “the application of digital capabilities to processes, products and assets” with the aim of “improving efficiency, enhancing customer value, managing risk, and uncovering new revenue opportunities”. That digital transformation not only impacts lives, but also affects individuals' experiences. This study aims to determine the reality of e-governance and digital maturity in government institutions, this study is an analytical descriptive study.
The impact of quality of work life on achieving managerial creativity ( A field study of the National Biscuit and Confectionery Company in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia )
This study aimed to measure the impact of quality of work life, in its various dimensions (participation in decision-making, wages and rewards, job stability and security, opportunities for promotion and career advancement, and training opportunities), on achieving administrative creativity at the National Biscuit and Confectionery Company in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach and utilized a questionnaire to collect data from employees of the company. A sample size of 255 employees was selected, and the questionnaire was distributed to all staff members. 186 questionnaires were returned and deemed valid for statistical analysis. The study yielded several key findings, most notably: the company places a high emphasis on quality of work life across all its dimensions, ranked in descending order as follows: training, participation in decision-making, opportunities for promotion and career advancement, wages and rewards, and job stability and security. Furthermore, the level of administrative creativity, in all its dimensions (originality, fluency, and flexibility), was found to be high within the company. The study also revealed a positive impact of quality of work life on achieving administrative creativity, with the dimensions of quality of work life having a significant influence on administrative creativity. In the company under study, the impact of participation in decision-making varied. Participation in decision-making proved to be the most influential factor in achieving administrative creativity, followed by opportunities for promotion and career advancement, then salaries and rewards, and finally job stability and security. Training, on the other hand, had the least impact. The study offered several recommendations, most notably: the company should continue to prioritize the quality of work life in all its aspects, given its role in fostering administrative creativity. It also recommended strengthening the elements that help employees innovate and offer original solutions to administrative problems, and encouraging greater participation in submitting continuous development proposals.
The causal relationship between population growth and economic growth in Sudan during period 1995-2022
The study aims to highlight the relationship between population growth and economic growth, enabling an understanding of the impact and direction of this relationship, as well as the effect of population growth on economic growth in the Sudanese economy during the period 1995-2022, the study hypothesized the existence of a short - term and long- term positive causal relationship between population growth and economic growth. It also assumed a statistically significant negative relationship between population growth and economic growth in Sudan; the study employed a descriptive – analytical approach as it is the most commonly used in theoretical studies. a quantitative approach was used to construct the relationship between population growth and economic growth and to test this relationship using granger’s causality test. among the most important findings of the study are the existence of a short - term and long- term causal relationship the negative impact of population growth and economic growth and the statistically significant negative relationship between population growth and economic growth. the study’s acceptance of the alternative hypothesis stating that there is a statistically significant relationship between population growth and economic growth.
Education in Morocco during the French Protectorate (1912–1956): Objectives and Content
The organization of education in Morocco was based on a set of principles established by Lyautey and developed and implemented by the directors of the education department, especially the first director, Louth, and his successor, Hardy. These principles were based on taking into account the human and social conditions in the country, and thus the school served the prevailing ideology in society. It is the foundation of the ruling class ideology, and the education system as a whole reflects and constantly reproduces the prevailing class situation, which means distancing – for Moroccans – Regarding modern education, with a vocational focus in cities and an agricultural focus in rural areas, to prepare a young generation capable of preserving the country's traditional industries due to their local political and economic value. And to supply European industrial and agricultural projects with the workforce they need, on the other hand, while paying special attention to a particular type of education for the upper classes in Moroccan society to supply the security and protection apparatus with the necessary personnel. And those carefully prepared to accept the idea of ​​cooperating with security agencies along the path laid out by these agencies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Scientific Development for Studies and Research (JSD) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessing Flood Risks and Social Impacts in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq: A Comprehensive Literature Review
This study presents a comprehensive review of existing research on flood risks and associated social impacts in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) within the context of climate change. The review synthesizes peer-reviewed studies focusing on flood hazard mapping, hydrological modeling, land use/land cover (LULC) change, vulnerability assessment, and precipitation variability in the region. Relevant literature was identified through academic databases and institutional publications using targeted keywords related to flood risk, climate change, GIS-based modeling, and Kurdistan Region of Iraq. A thematic and comparative analytical approach was applied to evaluate methodological frameworks, spatial modeling techniques, and key findings across the selected studies. The synthesis reveals that flood susceptibility in KRI is primarily influenced by topography, rainfall variability, rapid urbanization, and land use transformation. While most studies employ GIS, remote sensing, and multi-criteria decision-making models such as AHP and EBF to map hazard zones, limited attention has been given to integrated social vulnerability and public health impacts. The review identifies critical research gaps, particularly the absence of region-wide integrated flood risk models that combine climatic, hydrological, and socio-environmental dimensions. The findings emphasize the need for interdisciplinary assessment frameworks and improved flood management strategies to support evidence-based policy and climate adaptation planning in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.
Water Management and Policy Implications of River Discharge Patterns: A Case Study of the Khabur River in Zakho (2004–2023)
This study examined the water discharge in Zakho's Khabour River between 2004 and 2023 in Chalke area. Water from the river is used for industry, agriculture, and homes. The aim of this research is to evaluate long-term discharge changes and pinpoint the primary climatic and anthropogenic factors (precipitation variability and human water use) influencing river flow. The data of the area were obtained from the Water Resources Department in Zakho, a reliable local source. Daily, monthly, and annual discharge and precipitation values are included in the data. A moving average analysis shows that periods of high and low discharge alternate over the long term, supported by Mann–Kendall and Sen’s slope trend tests. It was demonstrated, through statistical trend and correlation analysis, that increased water extraction for irrigation and urban growth over the past 20 years has likely resulted in a decrease in river discharge. Variations in river discharge are closely correlated with precipitation patterns in the area (r = 0.78). These findings provide insights for sustainable water management and policy planning in the Zakho city and are consistent with patterns reported in nearby semi-arid and Mediterranean river basins.
The Philosophy of Argumentation and the Thesis of the Rhetoric of Discourse: Applied Models
It is well know That Plato is the founder of dialogue in discourse and adopted it in his many dialogues. Therefore, writing about argumentation is a difficult path to take, as it is fraught with a number of caveats, most notably that this field of knowledge has not yet settled on its basic pillars upon which sciences are usually built, transitioning from theory to application. In this research, we have endeavored to clarify the basic points needed by those entering this fertile field of knowledge. What are the means of scientific approach to this scientific field? Its beginnings began since humans uttered the first word in this existence. So, how can argumentation be rhetorical? I will answer these questions and others in this research using the descriptive and analytical approach.
The challenges of teaching Arabic to non-native speakers with the help of computers and the basics of flipped pedagogy
Language teaching has become an urgent necessity, as the means of communication and contact have changed and become easier, since the world has become like one house due to the short distances between people. Hence, it is necessary to learn languages ​​to facilitate communication between people, as it facilitates communications that continue for decades. It enables attendees to discover new research and partnership opportunities. It enriches knowledge by ensuring diversity of viewpoints, experiences and areas of expertise. The Arabic language is no exception to this, so this research came to show how Arabic is taught to non-native speakers in the flipped classroom to develop comprehension skills and oral and written expression through acquiring the rules of the Arabic language? The central question here is how Arabic is taught to non-native speakers with the help of computers? What are the basics of flipped pedagogy to develop the five language skills (arts du langage) (listening - speaking - reading - writing - tasting)? These questions and others will be answered by the research according to the descriptive analytical approach.
The Role of Sustainable Digital Leadership in Promoting Predictive Occupational Safety An Exploratory Study in the Oil Sector of Najaf Al-Ashraf Governorate
Amid the accelerating transformations of the Fifth Industrial Revolution and the global pursuit of carbon neutrality by 2050, the oil sector faces fundamental transformative challenges that necessitate the adoption of sustainable digital leadership models. This study aims to explore the role of sustainable digital leadership in enhancing predictive occupational safety, focusing on the local context of Najaf Al-Ashraf Governorate in Iraq, which represents a notable research gap. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical methodology. An electronic questionnaire was designed and distributed to a purposeful sample of (82) participants, including department heads, division managers, and central unit officials in the oil sector in Najaf. The study variables (sustainable digital leadership and predictive occupational safety) were measured using a five-point Likert scale after verifying the tool's validity and reliability. Data were analyzed using (SPSS v26) and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results revealed a statistically significant impact of sustainable digital leadership on enhancing predictive occupational safety. The study also identified the key technologies supporting this transformation, most notably artificial intelligence, big data analytics, the Internet of Things (IoT), and virtual and augmented reality technologies. Based on these findings, the study proposes the (IDSLM) model as an integrated applied framework combining knowledge management, predictive analytics, and sustainable digital governance. It also offers strategic recommendations for decision-makers to foster a safe work environment capable of addressing the future challenges of digital transformation in the Iraqi oil sector.
Symbolism through Ornamentation: From Social to Cultural in the Mu'allaqat Poetry
The research reads adornment as a symbol and links it to its social and cultural context, and these symbols are manifested through adornment tools and jewelry. This research was chosen as one of the results of our research Jewelry in the Poetry of the Mu'allaqat), yet our study here will cover different poetic models with broader topics and a different symbolic perspective. Adornment in the poetry of the Mu'allaqat is broader than jewelry, and its symbols require a different, in-depth reading. This title was chosen to trace those types of adornment as they represent the collective sentiment shared among individuals in that era. The study was organized into sections, where the first section traces the concept of symbolism in its social and cultural types, the second section is titled: Symbolism of Adornment Socially in the Mu'allaqat, and the third section is titled: Symbolism of Adornment Culturally in the Mu'allaqat. The research required clarifying the benefit and function of this symbolism, which was covered in the third section titled: The Importance of Social and Cultural Symbolism and Their Interconnection. Finally, the conclusion is followed by a list of sources and references.
The Impact of foreign direct investment on economic growth in Sudan during period (2002 - 2022)
This study examines the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic growth in Sudan during the period (2002 - 2022). It aims to identify the relationship between FDI and economic growth and to highlight the extent of FDI's influence on economic growth in Sudan during this period. The study hypothesizes a relationship between FDI and Sudan's GDP during the study period, and also a statistically significant positive correlation between FDI and economic growth in Sudan during this period. The study employs a descriptive-analytical approach and a quantitative methodology to establish the relationship between FDI and economic growth. Data were collected from secondary sources, including books, references, and the annual reports of the Central Bank of Sudan and the Central Bureau of Statistics. The study reached several conclusions, most notably: a direct relationship exists between foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth. This was confirmed by the positive FDI coefficient and its probability value being less than 0.05. Therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected, and the alternative hypothesis was accepted, stating that there is a statistically significant direct relationship between FDI and economic growth. In other words, the more foreign investment a country attracts, the higher its economic growth will be during the study period.
Humanitarian intervention to protect vulnerable populations under contemporary international law
The inability of the United Nations Charter’s laws to accomplish equilibrium and to keep up with international developments, the continuation of armed conflicts, the emergence of humanity as the essence of international law- the United Nations Charter comes up with miscellaneous new laws to overcome these changes. The prevailing ancient laws have led to dividing the world into two sections: The first section includes first world countries that have found it advantageous to interfere in other “weaker” nations’ affairs while the other section involves those “inferior” or “vulnerable” nations which found themselves victimized by the existence of armed conflicts in their countries. Therefore, one of the UN Charter’s laws calls for a “collective responsibility towards international protection” as a legal as well as an ethical commitment towards those victimized nations. This paper attempts to answer the following questions: Has this new law, the “collective responsibility towards international protection,” contributed to narrow the gap of the legitimate military force for humanitarian protection? Also, have some dialectical concepts, that attempt to be in harmony with the goals of the United Nations, been effectively developed politically and legally.
Digital Constitutional Citizenship in Fragile States: From Virtual Participation to Political Representation
This study examines digital citizenship in fragile states from a political sociology and constitutional–institutional perspective, focusing on the relationship between virtual participation and political representation under conditions of accelerated digital transformation. It argues that digitalization does not in itself generate effective citizenship unless it is embedded within a coherent framework of institutional legitimacy grounded in the rule of law, equal access, and enforceable accountability mechanisms. Addressing a theoretical gap between digital governance scholarship and fragile state literature, the study advances the concept of “Constitutional Digital Citizenship” as an analytical framework that reconnects technological transformation with the structural foundations of legal authority and institutional regulation. Rather than assuming that digital expansion is inherently democratizing, the study conceptualizes digital citizenship as contingent upon the constitutionalization of digital rights and the capacity of the state to subject cyberspace to legality and judicial oversight. Methodologically, the research adopts a comparative, indicator-based approach drawing on the United Nations E-Government Development Index (EGDI), the E-Participation Index (EPI), and the Rule of Law Index (2024). Through a structured comparison of Lebanon, Tunisia, and Iraq, the findings reveal a structural gap between technical digital readiness and institutional solidity. The results suggest that digital capacity functions as a mediating variable whose representative impact depends on the robustness of constitutional and regulatory frameworks. The study concludes that in fragile contexts, digital transformation operates as a structural amplifier: it enhances representative capacity where institutional legitimacy is consolidated and reproduces systemic fragility where constitutional foundations remain weak. Consequently, the success of digital citizenship should be assessed not by the breadth of technological infrastructure, but by the degree to which cyberspace is effectively integrated into the architecture of legal authority and accountable governance.
Pragmatic Studies between the Arabic Intellectual Heritage and Modern Linguistic Thought: -An Integrative Theoretical Framework for Pragmatic Foundations in Rhetoric and Usul al-Fiqh-
An examination of the Arabic heritage reveals early indications of principles akin to those proposed in the modern speech act theory developed by Austin and Searle. These principles appear in Arabic rhetoric through the distinction between statements and commands (al-khabar and al-insha’), attention to speaker intention, and consideration of context, and in usul al-fiqh (principles of Islamic jurisprudence) through studies of meaning, commands and prohibitions, and the analysis of speaker intentions and audience circumstances. This article aims to explore the traces of speech-act-like concepts in both Arabic rhetoric and usul al-fiqh, analyzing their intersections with modern speech act theory, while emphasizing the foundational and integrative aspects of pragmatic thought. The study shows that the Arabic heritage anticipated several features of modern speech act theory, despite differences in terminology and methodology. Rhetoricians focused on the effect of utterances on the audience and the speaker’s intention, whereas jurists examined the obligations and legal consequences generated by speech. The findings suggest that these classical insights can serve to build a cognitive bridge between classical discourse and modern linguistic thought, fostering an integrative perspective that links Arabic heritage with contemporary theories. This confirms that the Arabic contribution to pragmatic theory is not merely historical, but a rich resource for developing modern approaches and understanding the relationship between classical and contemporary thought.
The Impact of Human Resource Development on Improving Productivity "A Field study on Industrial Organization in the Hadhramaut Coast"
This study aimed to measure the impact of human resources development on improving productivity within industrial organizations in Hadhramaut Coast. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach. The study population consisted of employees in industrial organizations in Hadhramaut Coast. A random sample of (250) individuals was selected for this purpose. The collected data was subjected to rigorous analysis using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS V.27). A set of results were reached, most notably: that the presence of a positive, statistically significant relationship between human resource qualification and productivity improvement in industrial organizations on the coast of Hadhramaut, where the relationship was strong. The study also demonstrated that there are no statistically significant differences between the respondents’ responses regarding the impact of human resources qualification on improving productivity in industrial organizations in the Hadhramaut coast due to personal variables (gender, age, educational qualification, job level, years of service). and based on what was stated in the results, it was concluded Proposing a number of recommendations, most notably: granting flexibility to workers to act freely and independently within the framework of their delegated powers, continuing to grant special rewards to individuals who excel in performance to encourage them more, continuing the efficient use of human resources that contributes to improving the company’s productivity.
Enhancing User Experience in Retail Environments Through Virtual Reality: An Investigation into Integration
This research delves into how Virtual Reality (VR) technology can be used in retail settings to improve user experience (UX), enhance customer interaction, and boost operational performance. The main goal is to find the best ways to integrate VR into retail, understand its effects on consumer actions, and look at tangible business impacts. Using existing literature on VR, frameworks for UX, and the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), critical dimensions for integration were established; these included hardware and software architecture, content creation and narrative design, environmental realism and interactivity. A quantitative method was applied through an online questionnaire analyzed with SPSS and PLS-SEM involving 152 respondents who had prior VR shopping experiences. Descriptive statistics, skewness, kurtosis, reliability, and validity measures were computed (Tables 1–3). Structural model analysis (Figure 1) indicated that realism and interactivity positively influence immersion and presence which predict engagement as well as retail performance outcomes such as browsing behavior, dwell time, and purchase intention (Table 4). The results showed that spatial design supported by VR technology significantly improves both experiential content and operational outcomes while also revealing practical challenges concerning accessibility as well as technological maintenance and data governance. This study proposes a framework (Figure 1) that links VR content with UX constructs and retail performance; it offers retailers and interior architects practical advice on how to create hybrid immersive environments for shopping.