Journal of Scientific Development for Studies and Research (JSD)
About JSD : Journal of Scientific Development for Studies and Research (JSD) International Refereed Scholarly Journal P-ISSN: 2709-1635 E-ISSN: 2958-7328 An international peer-reviewed academic journal, quarterly (March - June - September - December), a pioneer in the field of social and technological studies and research. It publishes research and studies in Arabic or English. The journal is keen to publish research. Which has originality, novelty and scientific methodology, and represents a qualitative addition in various specializations, under the supervision of an international scientific body with scientific competence and professional and research experience. The journal adheres to an ethical charter for its publishing rules, and an internal system that regulates the process of substantive arbitration, in addition to ensuring the quality of the technical and objective specifications of international peer-reviewed journals.
The Academy of Creativity Sama for Studies, Consultations and Scientific Development
The Impact of foreign direct investment on economic growth in Sudan during period (2002 - 2022)
This study examines the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic growth in Sudan during the period (2002 - 2022). It aims to identify the relationship between FDI and economic growth and to highlight the extent of FDI's influence on economic growth in Sudan during this period. The study hypothesizes a relationship between FDI and Sudan's GDP during the study period, and also a statistically significant positive correlation between FDI and economic growth in Sudan during this period. The study employs a descriptive-analytical approach and a quantitative methodology to establish the relationship between FDI and economic growth. Data were collected from secondary sources, including books, references, and the annual reports of the Central Bank of Sudan and the Central Bureau of Statistics. The study reached several conclusions, most notably: a direct relationship exists between foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth. This was confirmed by the positive FDI coefficient and its probability value being less than 0.05. Therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected, and the alternative hypothesis was accepted, stating that there is a statistically significant direct relationship between FDI and economic growth. In other words, the more foreign investment a country attracts, the higher its economic growth will be during the study period.
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Humanitarian intervention to protect vulnerable populations under contemporary international law
The inability of the United Nations Charter’s laws to accomplish equilibrium and to keep up with international developments, the continuation of armed conflicts, the emergence of humanity as the essence of international law- the United Nations Charter comes up with miscellaneous new laws to overcome these changes. The prevailing ancient laws have led to dividing the world into two sections: The first section includes first world countries that have found it advantageous to interfere in other “weaker” nations’ affairs while the other section involves those “inferior” or “vulnerable” nations which found themselves victimized by the existence of armed conflicts in their countries. Therefore, one of the UN Charter’s laws calls for a “collective responsibility towards international protection” as a legal as well as an ethical commitment towards those victimized nations. This paper attempts to answer the following questions: Has this new law, the “collective responsibility towards international protection,” contributed to narrow the gap of the legitimate military force for humanitarian protection? Also, have some dialectical concepts, that attempt to be in harmony with the goals of the United Nations, been effectively developed politically and legally.
Digital Constitutional Citizenship in Fragile States: From Virtual Participation to Political Representation
This study examines digital citizenship in fragile states from a political sociology and constitutional–institutional perspective, focusing on the relationship between virtual participation and political representation under conditions of accelerated digital transformation. It argues that digitalization does not in itself generate effective citizenship unless it is embedded within a coherent framework of institutional legitimacy grounded in the rule of law, equal access, and enforceable accountability mechanisms. Addressing a theoretical gap between digital governance scholarship and fragile state literature, the study advances the concept of “Constitutional Digital Citizenship” as an analytical framework that reconnects technological transformation with the structural foundations of legal authority and institutional regulation. Rather than assuming that digital expansion is inherently democratizing, the study conceptualizes digital citizenship as contingent upon the constitutionalization of digital rights and the capacity of the state to subject cyberspace to legality and judicial oversight. Methodologically, the research adopts a comparative, indicator-based approach drawing on the United Nations E-Government Development Index (EGDI), the E-Participation Index (EPI), and the Rule of Law Index (2024). Through a structured comparison of Lebanon, Tunisia, and Iraq, the findings reveal a structural gap between technical digital readiness and institutional solidity. The results suggest that digital capacity functions as a mediating variable whose representative impact depends on the robustness of constitutional and regulatory frameworks. The study concludes that in fragile contexts, digital transformation operates as a structural amplifier: it enhances representative capacity where institutional legitimacy is consolidated and reproduces systemic fragility where constitutional foundations remain weak. Consequently, the success of digital citizenship should be assessed not by the breadth of technological infrastructure, but by the degree to which cyberspace is effectively integrated into the architecture of legal authority and accountable governance.
The Crime of Abortion under Lebanese and French Law
This research examines the crime of abortion under both Lebanese criminal law and French criminal law through a comparative analytical approach, with the aim of clarifying each legal system’s position on abortion in light of the inherent conflict between a woman’s right to privacy and bodily autonomy, and the fetus’s right to life. The study is grounded in a central research question concerning the extent to which Lebanese and French legislation are capable of achieving a fair balance between these competing rights, particularly in view of contemporary social, medical, and human rights developments. The research demonstrates that the Lebanese legislator continues to adopt a predominantly punitive approach, criminalizing abortion in most cases, with narrowly defined exceptions that lack clarity and sufficient procedural safeguards for women. This reflects the predominance of moral and religious considerations at the expense of individual rights. In contrast, French law reveals significant legal evolution, having moved from criminalization to conditional legalization, and ultimately to the recognition of abortion as a woman’s right, subject to specific temporal, medical, and legal regulations. The study concludes that French legislation has been relatively successful in achieving a balance between the protection of the fetus and the safeguarding of women’s freedom and dignity, whereas the Lebanese legal framework suffers from legislative and philosophical shortcomings that prevent it from keeping pace with international human rights standards. Accordingly, the research recommends a reconsideration of Lebanese criminal policy on abortion through a rights-based and humanitarian approach that protects women without negating the right to life, and that establishes a clear and balanced legal framework.
Judicial protection of the environment and its role in achieving sustainable development
International interest in the environment emerged after the Stockholm Conference in 1972, which addressed the risks posed by industrial and technological development to the environment. This led to environmental disputes with legal dimensions, which necessitated the establishment of legislation and intergovernmental agreements that provide environmental protection This study aims to shed light on the role of ordinary courts in resolving environmental disputes and their adequacy to adjudicate such disputes. This study relies on relevant laws, given the complex nature and specificity of environmental issues, the challenges they pose to both national and international stakeholders, and the need for concerted efforts to rescue the environment. Furthermore, it is necessary to achieve a balance between climate protection and sustainable development, keeping pace with international changes and international agreements. Furthermore, it examines the mechanisms and whether there is a need to establish environmental courts (green courts) specialized in adjudicating environmental disputes, supported by specialized laws and agreements.
The Arabic Language and Its Relationship with the Knowledge and Information Society**
There are many justifications for discussing the relationship between language and the knowledge and information society, including: the tremendous scientific progress in information technology and social communication, the role of language in building and transmitting knowledge, and how to exploit modern technology to support language and enhance its presence in the digital space. In Arab society, we observe a lack of investment in technological development, which negatively affects the productive and cognitive linguistic and Arabic capabilities in the field of preparing software and electronic programs, educational programs, text processing, instant translation, artificial intelligence, and other fields of linguistic knowledge. Therefore, it was necessary to deepen the sense among researchers of the centrality of language in establishing a knowledge society; to make the Arabic language an essential tool for building and transmitting knowledge between generations as societies develop and transform into knowledge societies, and to develop language industries that are based primarily on the Arabic language, such as: the machine translation software industry, and the development of digital content. The importance of this research paper lies in identifying the role of the Arabic language in building an Arab knowledge society, analyzing the challenges facing the Arabic language considering technological development and the information revolution, and assessing the extent to which the Arabic language is suitable for meeting the requirements of the digital age. One of the most important findings of the research is that the Arabic language is a fundamental means of communication and connection among the people of the Arab and Islamic nation, and it also contributes to enhancing understanding with our Muslim brothers who do not speak Arabic.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Scientific Development for Studies and Research (JSD) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of financial inclusion on economic growth
The research problem arises from individuals' reluctance to use financial services and products, and their reliance on informal entities for their financial transactions, This research aims to examine the impact of the relationship between financial inclusion and economic growth. Economic growth is the most powerful tool for poverty reduction, and rapid and sustainable growth is crucial for the rapid advancement of countries. With the recent widespread diffusion of digital technology, the use of electronic services has gained widespread acceptance among most segments of society. Financial inclusion has gained increasing importance locally and internationally due to its effective role in economic and financial development, and thus its role in achieving sustainable development. Many countries, both foreign and Arab, have achieved high rates of financial inclusion. The research defines financial inclusion as the timely, appropriate, dignified, and sustainable provision of formal financial services to the general public, especially the poor and financially marginalized. It also aims to enhance financial literacy among citizens and enable them to engage in the formal economy at affordable prices, thus enhancing economic growth. The research focuses on analyzing the relationship between increasing access to financial services, such as bank accounts, loans, and insurance, and improving economic growth rates by supporting small and medium-sized enterprises, encouraging savings and investment, and bridging gaps. The research also addresses challenges that hinder effective financial inclusion, such as weak infrastructure and awareness levels. It also discusses the role of financial technology in improving financial inclusion rates, especially in light of the trend toward digital transformation in the financial sector. The research concludes that enhancing financial inclusion leads to increased productivity and improved living standards. It recommends developing supportive policies to expand the scope of financial services and increase the percentage of those covered, which contributes to enhancing economic growth and financial stability.
Negotiating Islamic Identity in Secular Europe: A Maqāṣidī Framework for Second- and Third-Generation Muslim Minorities
Enter your abstract here (an abstract is a brief, More importantly comprehensive summary of the contents of the article). Enter your abstract here (an abstract is a brief, More importantly comprehensive summary of the contents of the article). This study examines the identity negotiation challenges faced by second- and third-generation Muslims belonging to minority communities in secular Europe. It proposes adopting a maqāṣidī (objectives-of-the-law) framework as a guiding paradigm for reconciling Islamic values with civic life in this context. A maqāṣidī-driven approach prioritizes the higher objectives and ethical principles of Sharīʿah—such as justice, compassion, and public welfare—over a strictly literal adherence to specific rulings. This approach enables contextual adaptation while preserving core faith commitments. By reframing Islamic practice around these universal goals, young European Muslims can better harmonize their religious identity with full participation in secular society. The study also addresses issues of intergenerational cultural tension, pressures of assimilation, and the potential for isolationism or extremism. It illustrates how a purpose-centric interpretation of Sharīʿah can foster constructive integration and resilience in the face of these challenges. Comparative reflections on Muslim minority experiences in other regions (such as Southern Thailand) highlight the broader applicability of this maqāṣidī approach beyond the European context. Ultimately, the study concludes that grounding identity in the maqāṣid paradigm empowers Muslims to remain faithful to Islamic principles while thriving as equal citizens in secular societies.
Contemporary Arab International Challenges A Study in Knowledge Economy
Undoubtedly, contemporary societal changes have taken place in Arab societies, resulting in radical transformations in many areas. These have led to the emergence of innovative developments in recent times, particularly in advanced technologies and technologies, known as the Fourth Generation. This development is a result of the influence of globalization, openness, and the technological and information revolution, whose uses and importance have become evident considering the crises facing countries around the world, including economic, health, and educational crises. Therefore, international societies have been influenced by these contemporary variables; new concepts have been added bearing modern behavioral patterns and intellectual trends. Furthermore, new scientific theories, political ideologies, innovations, and creativity have emerged that are compatible with the urgent crises facing these societies, regardless of their cultures and environments. These innovations utilize technology and knowledge, represented in distance education and the knowledge-based economy, which invests knowledge in increasing productivity, as well as the knowledge economy based on exporting ideas and using data to pursue economic policies that resolve countries' crises and increase their national income. For example, we see the development of educational methods that differ from traditional education in terms of quantity and quality, such as e-learning, with new uses in the economy, known as the green economy and green hydrogen, to preserve the environment and humanity.
Ibn Hisham al-Ansari’s (d. 761 AH) Grammatical Perspectives as Reflected in the Linguistic Evidences of His Major Commentary on Ibn Malik’s Alfiyyah (d. 672 AH)
This research explores the grammatical views of Ibn Hisham al-Ansari (d. 761 AH) as presented in his Major Commentary on Ibn Malik’s Alfiyyah (d. 672 AH), one of the most significant works that engaged extensively with grammatical evidence. The study demonstrates how Ibn Hisham drew upon the opinions of earlier Arab linguists, while also contributing original insights that enriched the field of Arabic grammar. Through a detailed analysis of the commentary, the research highlights Ibn Hisham’s independent grammatical stance, his methodological approach to citing and interpreting linguistic evidence, and the distinctive clarity and fluency of his style, which reflects the nature of the subject matter. Ultimately, the study underscores Ibn Hisham’s substantial role in shaping grammatical thought and sheds light on the diversity of his views as embodied in the Major Commentary.
Generative AI in Education: Personalizing Learning and Fostering Self-Assessment
Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a key driver of digital transformation in education, enabling instant personalization of learning and the generation of adaptive content tailored to learners’ abilities and needs. This article aims to explore the potential of such technologies in enhancing educational processes by fostering personalized learning and empowering students to develop self-assessment strategies. The central research problem lies in assessing the effectiveness of generative AI in improving learning outcomes and ensuring content reliability, while addressing ethical and technical challenges such as data protection and the digital divide. The study adopts a descriptive–applied methodology through a field experiment involving 110 primary school students. Tools such as ChatGPT and Midjourney were employed to generate texts, images, and exercises, while both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to analyze students’ interactions and performance. The article is structured around several key axes: the conceptual framework of generative AI in education, mechanisms of real-time content personalization, support for self-directed and self-assessment learning, a practical case study, and the linkage of results to motivational and cognitive comfort theories. Findings indicate that generative AI technologies effectively enhance cognitive comfort, increase student motivation, and improve academic performance, while enabling learners to design interactive self-assessment tests using platforms such as Quizizz AI. These outcomes highlight the innovative contribution of the article, which connects real-time personalized learning with self-assessment practices, opening new perspectives for the didactics of school subjects in the age of generative AI.
The impact of environmental damage on human rights
This research aims to examine the impact of environmental damage on human rights. It demonstrates how environmental degradation Impacts fundamental human rights, such as the right to life, health, water, and clean air. The research focuses on the interaction between the environment, sustainable development, and human rights, demonstrating that environmental damage leads to the deterioration of the social and economic conditions of people, reinforcing the need for legal standards to provide the necessary protection for these rights. The research also discusses the importance of integrating human rights into international and domestic environmental policies and reviews the legal tools available to protect rights considering growing environmental challenges. The primary objective of this research is to raise awareness about the need for effective legal action to address environmental damage. The research concludes that promoting environmental justice can contribute to achieving sustainable development and protecting human rights in an integrated manner.
The role of the Municipal Courts Formation Law in protecting the environment in Jordan
The role of environmental laws in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and their enforcement is significantly highlighted in light of the growing pollution resulting from violations committed against the environment in all its components and their impact on the quality of life. These laws constitute a preventative aspect of environmental protection, alongside the laws that define the jurisdiction of courts to hear these violations, as stipulated in Jordanian Courts Formation Law No. 17 of 2001 and Municipal Courts Formation Law No. 35 of 2006 and its amendments of 2018. This research highlights the role played by Municipal Courts Formation Law No. 35 of 2006 and its amendments of 2018 in protecting the environment in Jordan. This law is one of the most important laws on the environmental level in Jordan, as it outlines the legal framework governing the work of these courts, which are an important tool in enforcing environmental legislation through their jurisdiction over violations occurring within the territorial jurisdiction of municipalities, despite the lack of explicit environmental provisions in their formation law. The research aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of municipal courts in confronting environmental violations within municipal boundaries, by clarifying the legal and regulatory framework of municipal courts, their legislative origins, their jurisdictions, and their impact on enforcing environmental legislation, analyzing relevant legal texts, and highlighting the challenges that weaken the effectiveness of these courts, such as weak judicial specialization, low penalties, and the absence of institutional coordination with regulatory and executive bodies to achieve environmental justice.
Grammatical Issues in Which Ibn al- Sarraj Opposed the Basrans Collectively and a study
The aim of this research is to stand on the grammatical issues in which In in -Sarrah in -Basri violated the collection and study and present it for discussion and analysis, the importance of this research comes to the great status of In in -Sarraj and its role in the grammar position, its restriction and its obstruction, the researcher followed the descriptive and analytical approach in writing this research, by presenting the issue and mentioning the opinion of In in -Sarraj in it, then he mentioned the opinions of the grammar For a number of results and recommendations, the most important of which are: Most of the issues of the dispute mentioned by In in -Sarraj in his book The Fundamentals are issues that are considered in the subtle sub -differences, the research showed that many of the contentious issues between the grammarians were the basis The syntax of the vocabulary that the Arabic sentence adheres to, despite its grammatical meanings, in conclusion, the researcher recommends research and investigation in the curriculum and method of In in -Sarraj in -Nahwi and the study of his grammatical and morphological views in a broader and most comprehensive way..
Impact of Technology Integration on Teaching Arabic Language to non-native Speakers in Higher Islamic School in Nigeria
ABSTRACT This study was conducted to examine the integration of technology use in teaching Arabic as a foreign language in Nigeria, its effectiveness, challenges, and possible solutions. This study was conducted through a case study of selected secondary schools. A questionnaire was used as a research tool to collect data from 200 respondents, including Arabic language students and teachers, selected through a stratified random sample. Respondents were selected from different secondary schools. The study relied on descriptive and inferential statistics to analyze the collected data. Two research questions were formulated, which were used to develop the questionnaire items and provide a framework for analysis. The results revealed a moderate level of technology integration in the teaching and learning of Arabic. Although a large number of Arabic language teachers and students have access to some digital tools, such as Arabic e-books, learning apps, and multimedia resources, infrastructural shortcomings were identified. These shortcomings included inadequate access to computers and internet facilities, a shortage of digital teaching tools, and teachers' lack of readiness to use educational technology effectively. Despite these challenges, most participants confirmed that technology enhances Arabic language learning outcomes, particularly in the areas of reading, writing, pronunciation, and grammar. The study recommended that government and private entities provide assistance in providing technological tools, such as virtual classrooms, audio-visual content, and e-courses, which would undoubtedly contribute to facilitating language learning and acquisition among non-native speakers of Arabic in Nigeria. Keywords: Technology, Tools, Language Learning, Language Acquisition, Virtual Learning.
The Reality of Employee Turnover and Its Impact on the Performance Level of Employees in the Health Directorates in Hebron Governorate
This study aimed to examine the reality of employee turnover and its impact on the performance of staff working in the health directorates of Hebron Governorate. A sample of 147 employees selected using a proportional stratified sampling technique. The study employed the descriptive–analytical method, and data collected through a structured questionnaire. The findings indicated that the overall level of employee turnover in the health directorates was high. The most prominent causes of turnover included job stagnation, work-related challenges, the nature of the job and teamwork, and the lack of appropriate motivation, all of which rated high. In contrast, social and political constraints, lack of comfort, and management style rated moderate. Results further revealed that employee performance levels were high; however, turnover had a negative effect on performance. Based on these findings, the study recommends reducing turnover rates by formulating clear policies that ensure the stability of health personnel and enhance their organizational loyalty. It also highlights the need to address job stagnation through transparent and equitable promotion standards based on competence and achievement, as well as providing continuous professional development programs that improve employee performance and career advancement opportunities. Furthermore, creating a supportive and comfortable work environment that fosters employees’ psychological and social well-being is essential to strengthening satisfaction and organizational commitment. Finally, adopting participatory leadership styles grounded in effective communication, motivation, and empowerment recommended, as good management practices found to be positively associated with improved performance.
The impact of Electronic Marketing on Enhancing competitive Advantage (Field study at University of Science and Technology-Main Campus,Aden)
The study aimed to identify the impact of electronic marketing with its dimensions (electronic product, electronic pricing, electronic promotion, electronic distribution) on enhancing competitive advantage with its dimensions (lower cost, quality, flexibility). The study population consisted of employees and academics at the University of Science and Technology – Main Center, Aden. For the purpose of this study, a purposive sample of (65) employees from departments and divisions related to the research problem was selected. The collected data were analyzed and interpreted using the statistical analysis program SPSS. The study reached a number of findings, the most prominent of which is that the level of availability of electronic marketing and the level of achieving competitive advantage at the University of Science and Technology – Main Center, Aden, are both high. It was also found that there is a strong relationship between electronic marketing and enhancing competitive advantage. In addition, the dimensions of electronic marketing (electronic product, electronic pricing, electronic promotion, electronic distribution) had a significant effect on enhancing competitive advantage, with electronic distribution having the strongest impact in enhancing competitive advantage. The study recommended several important points: the necessity of paying attention to providing an integrated electronic marketing mix that includes all the required information about the programs and services offered by the university, in order to market them at the appropriate time. This contributes to enhancing the competitive advantage of the University of Science and Technology – Main Center, Aden, particularly with respect to competing with other universities and academic institutions.
Improving Data Encryption with Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs)
The paper addresses the importance of data protection in the digital age, where sensitive information is increasingly threatened by cyber-attacks. Encryption is one of the fundamental methods for protecting this data, but challenges related to security and performance efficiency remain. In this context, generative neural networks emerge as an innovative tool for enhancing encryption techniques. Generative neural networks are based on the idea of two models: a generator, which seeks to generate new data, and a discriminator, which aims to distinguish between real and fake data. Through this competitive process, generative neural networks can improve the quality of the generated data and one of its most popular applications is generating encryption keys: Generative neural networks can be used to generate unique and complex encryption keys, making it more difficult to crack security systems. Improving encryption algorithms by learning from data patterns. Generative neural networks can improve existing algorithms, leading to more efficient encryption Generated Data Encryption: Generative neural networks can be used to securely generate new data representing sensitive information, reducing the risk of data leakage.
Environmental governance frameworks in Iraq
This research reviews the literature related to environmental governance and its influential and defining actors, focusing on Iraq and its efforts to frame environmental governance by complying with the provisions of international treaties related to the environment and integrating them into national laws and legislation, as well as institutionally framing this in a way that positively reflects on the environmental index, enabling Iraq to confront climate change and limit its effects in all dimensions. The research aims to enrich theoretical studies with conceptual determinants related to environmental governance, its objectives, and its contents. The practical objective focuses on highlighting Iraq's efforts in the field of environmental governance
plans and initiatives related to the environment
The Shock of Modernity in Arabic Criticism: Artificial Intelligence and the Cybersecurity Challenges of Language and Text
This study examines the impact of artificial intelligence on Arabic criticism in the context of modernity shock, focusing on the cybersecurity challenges affecting language and literary texts. The research explores how Arabic criticism interacts with modern technological advancements and the extent to which AI can analyze or generate literary texts, and its influence on the concept of literary and critical creativity. It also discusses the risks that threaten text integrity, such as forgery and plagiarism, emphasizing the need to enhance cybersecurity to protect literary and critical production. The study employs an analytical critical approach, reviewing previous studies and analyzing AI’s influence on literary criticism. It also uses a comparative methodology to examine the differences between traditional criticism and AI-driven criticism while evaluating AI applications in literary text analysis and composition. The findings reveal that AI can serve as a valuable tool in literary criticism but cannot replace human critics due to its lack of intuition and aesthetic sensitivity. The study also highlights the urgent need for cybersecurity measures to safeguard literary texts from manipulation and intellectual theft. Ultimately, the research concludes that the future of Arabic criticism depends on balancing digital modernity with the preservation of its authentic critical identity.
Curriculum Development: A Comparative Study of International Experiences and Modern Models
This study aims to strengthen contemporary trends toward curriculum development in Libya. Based on her specialization in teaching methods and curriculum planning, the researcher asserts that curriculum development in Arab educational institutions generally, and in Libya specifically, faces challenges requiring fundamental changes in the educational institution's structure and teachers’ capabilities. Comprehensive educational transformations are not limited to updating curricula but also involve gradual change and continuous improvement to achieve desired goals. The study employs a descriptive-analytical approach to analyze curriculum development strategies in leading Arab and international countries (South Korea, Singapore, Egypt, UAE, Finland, China) to present a model applicable to the Libyan context. These experiences reflect efforts to design curricula that focus on applying knowledge in real life, meeting contemporary requirements, and fostering holistic learner development. Comparative analysis results highlight the importance of integrating modern technology into curricula, focusing on developing learners’ skills, and moving away from traditional rote learning methods. The study also emphasizes the necessity of effectively integrating learners into contemporary life and linking education to labor market demands and economic development. Special attention is given to the role of the National Center for Curriculum Development, enhancing its effectiveness and capacity to lead this process. The center plays a pivotal role in guiding curriculum modernization efforts but faces challenges requiring increased support, resources, and active participation from all stakeholders. The study recommends comprehensive curriculum development that enhances critical and creative thinking skills and effectively utilizes technology. It also suggests conducting extensive field research to adapt curricula to labor market needs while benefiting from international experiences as a clear model for sustainable educational development in Libya.
National Center for Education Development
Arej Ibrahim Abdel Hamid Al-Hassi Al-Hassi
Modern trends in confronting environmental civil liability
This research has addressed the topic of recent trends in the face of environmental civil liability. It is of particular importance to examine this topic since environmental issues are not only local problems but have become global challenges that require a collective and comprehensive response. human rights ", and the importance of the topic is heightened by the ambiguity of the legislative texts dealing with the topic and by the inadequacy of traditional civil liability rules in addressing environmental liability, since it has become necessary to see what environmental civil liability and recent trends to confront it are. We concluded by examining a set of findings and recommendations as follows: the application of the general rules on traditional civil liability for an environmental injurious act does not fully protect the harm. international conventions play a clear role in the framework of environmental responsibility by being binding instruments aimed at achieving sustainable development and consolidating the principles of environmental protection at the global level in an integrated and comprehensive manner, We wish to develop strategies to promote environmental civic responsibility as a framework that contributes to civil society's empowerment and stimulus to active participation in environmental conservation. This trend is based on three main aspects: Education and training, effective communication and activation of laws, each of which plays an important role in building a conscious and sustainable environmental culture.
The Functions of Pragmatic Linguistics in Renewing Arabic Literary Criticism Methodologies: From the Authority of the Text to the Authority of Reading
This study explores the potential of Pragmatic Linguistics to renew modern Arabic literary criticism. It leverages core pragmatic concepts—speech acts, intentionality, context, and the social circulation of discourse—to move beyond purely formalist readings. The research utilizes Muhammad al-Fayturi's poetry collection, Songs of Africa (Aghani Ifriqiya), as a case study to demonstrate how pragmatic tools reveal the complex interactive dynamics between a text’s poetics and its historical-cultural context, particularly themes of African identity, anti-colonialism, and cultural alienation. The methodology is descriptive-analytical-critical. The analytical process involved a purposeful selection of poems based on three criteria: (1) Thematic centrality to the diwan’s themes of liberation and identity; (2) Density of pragmatic features, prioritizing texts rich in direct and indirect speech acts (e.g., commands, calls to action); and (3) Representativeness of the collection's stylistic and rhetorical diversity. The analysis shows that al-Fayturi’s poetry functions as a performative discourse, strategically using direct and indirect speech acts to persuade, mobilize, and shape a collective African consciousness. The findings reveal that meaning is not solely generated by the text's internal structure but is co-constructed through the intricate interplay of the poet's intent, the reader's engagement, and the socio-political context of Africa in the 1960s. The study concludes that a pragmatic approach facilitates a crucial shift in Arabic criticism: from a closed text-centric authority to an open, interactive authority of reading. It positions the literary text not as a self-sufficient aesthetic object but as a dynamic social act, thus significantly contributing to the ongoing renewal of Arabic critical discourse.
Mohammed Hussein Hassan Mohammed (Arekeidi)
“The Revitalization of Dead Land Near Urban Areas: Does It Require the Permission of the Ruler?”
This study addresses an important issue related to the Islamic jurisprudence of land development and the revival of dead land (ihyāʾ al-mawāt). It aims to examine the opinions of Islamic jurists regarding the revival of dead land located near urban areas, and whether such revival requires prior authorization from the governing authority. The study also seeks to explore the reasons behind the juristic disagreement on this matter and to determine the most preponderant opinion. The research concludes with several significant findings. Most notably, it affirms that developing the earth and utilizing its beneficial resources in ways that fulfill the divine objectives is among the core purposes of Islamic law. This objective is clearly emphasized in various verses of the Holy Quran. Moreover, the study highlights that land development is considered one of the key solutions presented in the Prophetic Sunnah to address the pressing crises faced by contemporary societiesparticularly those arising from the concentration of populations in large urban centers. Such concentrations place increasing pressure on public services and cause urban congestion that burdens city infrastructure. Hence, Islamic law promotes opening new horizons through encouraging the revival and development of uninhabited land.
Keywords: Revitalization Dead Land Urbanization — Ruler — Iqṭāʿ (Land Grant).
The Role of on Public Oversight Procurement and Public Service Delegations under Law No. 15-247
Enter your abstract here (an abstract is a brief, More importantly comprehensive summary of the contents of the article). Enter your abstract here (an abstract is a brief, More importantly comprehensive summary of the contents of the article). The topic of public procurement and public service delegations is considered a vital element in economic and social life, due to the significant importance they hold in national socio-economic development. They are also among the most sensitive topics, especially at present, as they involve large categories of employees and workers, including managers of administrative, economic, and legal. Institutions, Amon. Others. Public procurement is an essential mechanism of public spending and a means used by central and local administrations in implementing the state’s economic and social strategies and programs. In examining the content of oversight in Presidential Decree No. 15-247 dated September 16, 2015, concerning the organization of public procurement and public service delegations, two types of oversight can be identified: internal and external. The first type, internal oversight, is carried out by the contracting authority through the Committee for Opening Envelopes and Evaluating Bids. The second type, external oversight, appears in two forms: prior oversight, exercised by internal services and committees, and subsequent oversight, exercised by several external bodies.
The economic and political dimensions of the fall of Mosul in 2014 at the hands of armed groups
A specific city contributed to determining a unique location for its position as a meeting point of civilizations and a stage for geopolitical tensions throughout different eras. It is the crossing point between East and West, and facilitates the connection between the Arab Levant, Anatolia, and the plateau. Its geography is distinguished by the fact that it was not just a geographical detail, but rather it was a key to the specific conflicts of its long history. It added to diverse economic wealth, and it contributed to obtaining the settlement in 2014 AD. Its center was not in northern Iraq, with its agricultural, commercial, and industrial resources, in addition to its agricultural location on the banks of the Tigris River. The ownership of fertile agricultural lands and its location in the east, which is not distinguished by water and fertile lands, helped it to be a need for Iraq, as it is famous for producing a large quantity of grains in addition to the vast vegetables, as well as implementing an area for grazing and raising livestock, which makes it one of the most important sources of meat and dairy, in addition to the presence of oil and sulfur minerals in Safsaf. All of these components were ignored by the city, a focus of interest for the armed organization to announce its surveillance in June 2014 until its liberation in 2017, casting its dark shadows over its ancient heritage and crushing its cultural, civilizational and architectural landmarks, which bore witness to successive civilizations spanning centuries. This man has become a turning point in custom after history faded amidst the violence of violence and destruction.
Corporate Legal Liability for Environmental Damage from Carbon Contracts
This research aims to examine the issue of corporate civil liability for environmental damage resulting from carbon contracts, given the expanding use of these contracts as legal and economic tools to regulate carbon emissions. The study focused on explaining the nature of civil liability arising from a contract concluded between parties, or from the negligence of a legally responsible party in the event of damage resulting from a harmful act. The study focuses on the theory of unusual neighborhood harm as a legal basis for claiming compensation, which imposes on anyone who causes unusual harm to their neighbors or the community to bear the consequences, even if they committed no fault. The study addressed the "ordinary person" standard for assessing damage, explaining that damage is considered unusual if it exceeds what people are accustomed to under the same circumstances, regardless of the individual's specific circumstances. Residential areas, for example, differ from industrial areas in their tolerance for a certain level of pollution. Furthermore, the study explored the theory of risk as a modern basis for environmental liability. The study demonstrated that this theory applies to hazardous industrial activities that are likely to cause widespread environmental damage, such as carbon-related industries. According to this theory, a company bears liability simply because of the damage, without the need to prove negligence or dereliction.
Water as Source of Campylobacter jejuni and E. coli O157 contamination in broiler farms in Jordan
The poultry industry in Jordan plays a crucial role in food security and economic stability. However, water-borne disease transmission poses significant challenges within the 'One Health' framework, particularly as climate change intensifies these risks. This study aimed to find out the prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni and E. coli O157 contamination in broiler farm in Jordan as well as the sources of this contamination. This study involved collecting and examining samples from 10 broiler farms located in five Jordanian Governorates; Amman, Irbid, Karak, Zarqa and Madaba. This study was covered three rearing cycles of chickens in each farm. A total of (90) broiler drinking water samples and (150) broiler samples were examined for the presence of Campylobacter jejuni and E. coli O157 contamination. Analysis done using culture and biochemical tests as well as PCR. The prevalence of C. jejuni was (76.6%) 69 as waterborne bacterial indicators in (90) broiler drinking water samples. And the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 was (24.4%)22. However, the highest prevalence was of C. jejuni (47.3%)71 identified in (150) broilers samples and the least percentage E. coli O157 which was (14%)21. Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni is much higher than E. coli O157, although both are still high. Recommendation to decrease this contamination include establish drinking water guidelines and biosecurity standards to decrease waterborne bacterial disease is recommended to improve the poultry industry sanitation and population health.
The effect of the “Find the Error” strategy on mathematics achievement amongthird-year intermediate students
Enter your abstract here (an abstract is a brief, More importantly comprehensive summary of the contents of the article). Enter your abstract here (an abstract is a brief, More importantly comprehensive summary of the contents of the article). The current research aims to know the effect of the (Find the Error) strategy on the achievement of mathematics among third-year middle school students. The research sample consisted of (73) students, distributed into two groups: (37) students in the experimental group who studied mathematics according to the "Find the Error" strategy, and (36) students in the control group who studied the same subject in the usual way (the prevailing method). The researcher achieved equivalence between the two groups of the research sample in the following variables: chronological age calculated in months, previous achievement in mathematics, intelligence, and previous information in mathematics. The researcher relied on a tool to measure the dependent variable of the research: an achievement test consisting of (40) items. The researcher verified the validity, reliability, and psychometric properties of the tool. The results of the research showed that the students of the experimental group outperformed the students of the control group in the achievement test in mathematics.
Legal problems in compensation for environmental damage in the Jordanian environmental protection law No. 6 of 2017
The study of the topic of compensation for environmental damage is one of the topics that needs to be addressed and analyzed, and this is due to the novelty of the topic, as it appears in the arena of legal thought because of the behaviors and attacks that affect the environment, resulting in damage that is difficult to realize. This study deals with the position of the Jordanian legislator on compensation for environmental damage in the Jordanian environmental protection law. I have followed the analytical approach by analyzing the legislative texts related to the subject of the study. The researcher has reached several conclusions, including: that environmental damage of a special nature differs from other types of damage, the absence of the Jordanian environmental protection law of special provisions regulating the issue of compensation for environmental damage, the Jordanian legislature does not provide for a limitation period for claims arising from acts harmful to the environment. Among the recommendations that have been reached : we hope the Jordanian legislator to stipulate special rules regulating the issue of compensation for environmental damage, including stipulating the elements of compensation for environmental damage, including the cost of removing environmental damage, compensation for damage to funds to persons and compensation for damage to the environment itself and preventing the legitimate use of it, also from the recommendations, we hope the Jordanian legislator to stipulate that lawsuits arising from acts harmful to the environment will not fall by the expiration of the period specified in the law as an exception to the rules.